Abstract
This Letter proposes automatic human face detection in digital video using a support vector machine (SVM) ensemble to improve the detection performance. The SVM ensemble consists of several independently trained SVMs using randomly chosen training samples via a bootstrap technique. Next, they are aggregated in order to make a collective decision via a majority voting scheme. Experimental results show that the proposed face detection method using SVM ensemble outperforms conventional methods such as using only single SVM and Multi-Layer Perceptron in terms of classification accuracy, false alarms, and missing rates.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yang, G. and Huang, T. S.: Human face detection in complex background, Pattern Recognition, 27 (1994), 53–63.
Lanitis, A., Taylor, C. J. and Cootes, T. F.: An automatic face identification system using flexible appearance models, Image and Vision Computing, 13 (1995), 393–401.
Chen, Q., Wu, H. and Yachida, M.: Face detection by fuzzy pattern matching, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Computer Vision, MIT Press, pp. 591–596, 1995.
Dai, Y. and Nakano, Y.: Face-texture model-based on SGLD and its application in face detection in a color scene, Pattern Recognition, 29 (1996), 1007–1017.
Yang, J. and Waibel, A.: A real-time face tracker, In: Proc. 3rd Workshop on Application of Computer Vision, pp. 142–147, 1996.
Sung, K. and Poggio, T.: Example-based learning for view-based human face detection, MIT Tech. Rep., A.I. MEMO 1521, 1994.
Rowley, H., Baluja, S. and Kanade, T.: Neural network-based face detection, IEEE Trans. on PAMI, 20 (1998), 23–38.
Osuna, E., Freund, R. and Girosit, F.: Training support vector machines: an application to face detection, In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on CVPR, pp. 130–136, 1997.
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 MPEG Group: MPEG-7 Context and Objectives, ISO/ MPEGN2460, 1998.
Vapnik, V. N.: Statistical Learning Theory, Wiley, New York, 1998.
Haris, M. and Ganapathy, V.: Neural network ensemble for financial trend prediction, IEEE Proceedings, 2 (2000), 157–161.
Giacinto, G., Roli, F. and Bruzzone, L.: Combination of neural and statistical algorithms, Pattern Recognition Letters, 21 (2000), 385–397.
Hansen, L. K. and Salamon, P.: Neural Network Ensembles, IEEE Trans. on PAMI, 12 (1990), 993–1001.
Kim, D. and Kim, C.: Forecasting Time Series with Genetic Fuzzy Predictor Ensemble, IEEE Trans. on Fuzzy Systems, 5 (1997), 523–535.
Dietterich, T. G.: Machine learning research: Four current directions, The AIMagazine, 18 (1998), 97–136.
Burges, J. C.: A Tutorial on Support Vector Machines for Pattern Recognition, Data mining and KnowledgeDiscovery, 2 (1998), 121–167.
Breiman, L.: Bagging predictors, Machine Learning, 24 (1996), 123–140.
Castleman, K. R.: Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall, 1996.
Duda, R. O., Hart, P. E. and Stork, D. G.: Pattern Classification, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001.
Bishop, C. M.: NeuralNetworks for Pattern Recognition, Oxford University Press, 1999.
Platt, J. C.: Fast training of support vector machines using sequential minimal optimization, Advances in Kernel Methods: Support Vector Learning, MIT Press, pp. 185–208, 1999.
Intelligent Multimedia Lab.: POSTECH Face Database 01, http://nova.postech.ac.kr, 2001.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Je, HM., Kim, D. & Yang Bang, S. Human Face Detection in Digital Video Using SVMEnsemble. Neural Processing Letters 17, 239–252 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026097128675
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026097128675