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Abstract
This paper presents the first phonetic description of the patterns of nasal coarticulation in Kakataibo. While closely related Panoan languages have been described as having anticipatory nasal coarticulation in VN sequences, there are only a few reports of other types of nasal coarticulation. Based on a detailed investigation of the aerodynamic properties of nasality, we account for the full variety of nasal coarticulation patterns in Kakataibo and discuss their interaction with prosody. This paper shows that nasal coarticulation occurs in all contexts in which there is vowel-nasal contiguity, although the amount and patterns of nasal coarticulation are dependent on the directionality of the process, the presence or absence of a syllable boundary and stress.
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References
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- 1
In the last few decades, a growing body of phonetic and phonological research has focused on the study of the effects of prosody on the phonetic implementation of segmental structures. The ample literature on the role of prosodic structure in conditioning articulatory dynamics has been comprehensively reviewed by Fletcher (2010) and Cho (2016). Our study is an exploration of the effect of prosodically prominent positions on nasal coarticulation at the word level in Kakataibo, since patterns of phrasal or intonational prosody have not yet been investigated in this language. We leave for future research the study of prosodic strengthening phenomena along the lines of previous scholarship (Beckman, 1996; Cho, 2008; Keating et al., 2004; Lavoie, 2001; Tabain & Butcher, 2015, among many others).
- 2
Similar commercial products include the Nasometer II, 6450-KayPENTAX Model, Mont-vale, NJ, USA, and the Nasalance Visualization System, Glottal Enterprises Inc. The principles underlying these systems and our device are the same. We do not know the specifications of the transducers (microphones) used by the commercial products. See Bressmann (2005) for a comprehensive review of available systems. The Shure SM10A microphone has a frequency response of 50–15,000 Hz and records on a polar pattern cardioid that is uniform with frequency and symmetrical about axis, according to the manufacturer.
- 3
The implementation of the lmerTest subsumes the independent analysis approach but includes also the interaction between factors. An additional advantage of the lmerTest is that it implements a backwards stepwise elimination of dependent variables, which independent linear regressions are unable to compute. See Kuznetsova et al (2013) for technical details of the algorithm and procedure. On the other hand, our design, as is customary in production studies of phonetics, includes multiple and correlated observations per subject (i.e., recordings of several words and repetitions of each word that potentially constitute pseudoreplicates and therefore could violate the assumption of independence required for linear models). In addition, our data came from different subjects, which is clearly a random effect. Our model intends, thus, to overcome the perils entailed by the fallacy of fixed effects (Barr et al., 2013; Clark, 1973; Raaijmakers et al., 1999). Our approach is quite robust; however, we recognize that there may be alternative analyses. Thus, in the spirit of consolidating best practices in our discipline and contributing to overcoming the science’s reproducibility crisis (Baker, 2016; Open Science Collaboration, 2015), we will provide the raw data as well as the numerical outputs of our analyses upon request.
- 4
Many other studies have reported results along these same lines. For example, see Cho and McQueen (2005) for Dutch and Cho and Jun (2000) for Korean.
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