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Abstract
We examined gestural coordination in C1C2 (C1 stop, C2 lateral or tap) word initial clusters using articulatory (electromagnetic articulometry) and acoustic data from six speakers of Standard Peninsular Spanish. We report on patterns of voice onset time (VOT), gestural plateau duration of C1, C2, and their overlap. For VOT, as expected, place of articulation is a major factor, with velars exhibiting longer VOTs than labials. Regarding C1 plateau duration, voice and place effects were found such that voiced consonants are significantly shorter than voiceless consonants, and velars show longer duration than labials. For C2 plateau duration, lateral duration was found to vary as a function of onset complexity (C vs. CC). As for overlap, unlike in French, where articulatory data for clusters have also been examined, clusters where both C1 and C2 are voiced show more overlap than where voicing differs. Further, overlap was affected by the C2 such that clusters where C2 is a tap show less overlap than clusters where C2 is a lateral. We discuss these results in the context of work aiming to uncover phonetic (e.g., articulatory or perceptual) and phonological forces (e.g., syllabic organization) on timing.
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References
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- 1
For intrusive vocoids in other languages, see Recasens & Espinosa (2007) on Catalan; Vago & Gósy (2007) on Hungarian; Baltazani & Nicolaidis (2011, 2013) on Modern Greek; Stolarski (2011) on Polish; Avram (1993) on Romanian; Gudurić & Petrović (2005) on Serbo-Croation; Pavlík (2008) on Slovak.
- 2
For studies on the articulatory basis of such transitional vocoids, see Gafos (2002) and Gafos et al. (2010) on Moroccan Arabic as well as Hall (2006).
- 3
For our analysis of the effects of C1 voicing on patterns of overlap, we used a subset of our data which only included stop+lateral clusters. We disregarded the stop+tap clusters for this particular analysis due to the fact that our corpus only contained stop+tap clusters with voiceless stops. However, we do examine overlap in the stop+tap clusters as a function of place of articulation.
- 4
Since all of the stimuli in our dataset were attested Spanish words, the frequency of the different stimuli may have an effect on the continuous variables under study (see Bybee, 1999, 2000, 2002; Pierrehumbert, 2002; Baese-Berk & Goldrick, 2009; Goldrick, Vaughn, & Murphy, 2013, among others). To address the possibility of a word frequency effect on the continuous variables during pre-modeling analyses (i.e., before building the linear mixed effects models), log-frequencies calculated from count data using an online database (EsPal) of over two million Spanish words from print, online and multimedia resources were coded for each lexical item. Regression analyses were performed using both the covariance of each pair (log-frequency and timing variable) and normalized Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. No correlation between word frequency and any of the timing variables addressed in this study reached significance (using either the covariance of each pair or the normalized Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients), so frequency was not modeled as a predictor in the linear mixed effects models.
- 5
The results for labials (i.e., an increase in VOT from simplex to complex onsets) seems contradictory to the results for the pooled means for VOT across different onset types presented in the previous paragraph. However, the results presented in the previous paragraph included both place categories. Thus the different directions of the trend (for velars)/effect (for labials) across different onset types cancelled each other out, hence no main effect for VOT across onset types.
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