Phonetica was published by Karger Publishers up to and including 2020. If you or your institution subscribed to Phonetica during that period, you might still have access to the full text of this article on the Karger platform if you cannot access it here.
Abstract
The present study examined vowel-to-vowel (VV) coarticulation in backness affecting mid vowels /e/ and /o/ in 36 Spanish nonwords produced by 20 native speakers of Spanish, aged 19–50 years (mean = 30.7; SD = 8.2). Examination of second formant frequency showed substantial carryover coarticulation throughout the data set, while anticipatory coarticulation was minimal and of shorter duration. Furthermore, the effect of stress on vowel-to-vowel coarticulation was investigated and found to vary by direction. In the anticipatory direction, small coarticulatory changes were relatively stable regardless of stress, particularly for target /e/, while in the carryover direction, a hierarchy of stress emerged wherein the greatest coarticulation occurred between stressed triggers and unstressed targets, less coarticulation was observed between unstressed triggers and unstressed targets, and the least coarticulation occurred between unstressed triggers with stressed targets. The results of the study augment and refine previously available knowledge about vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in Spanish and expand cross-linguistic understanding of the effect of stress on the magnitude and direction of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation.
verified
References
1 Barreda, S., & Nearey, T. M. (2017). A regression approach to vowel normalization for missing and unbalanced data.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 142(4), 2583. 10.1121/1.50144540001-4966Search in Google Scholar PubMed
2 Barreda, S., & Nearey, T. M. (2018). A regression approach to vowel normalization for missing and unbalanced data.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 144(1), 500–520. 10.1121/1.50477420001-4966Search in Google Scholar PubMed
3 Beddor, P. S., Harnsberger, J. D., & Lindemann, S. (2002). Language-specific patterns of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation: Acoustic structures and their perceptual correlates.Journal of Phonetics, 30(4), 591–627. 10.1006/jpho.2002.01770095-4470Search in Google Scholar
4 BeddorPS, YavuzHK (1995): The relation between vowel-to-vowel coarticulation and vowel harmony in Turkish.Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences 2:44–51.Search in Google Scholar
5 Bell-Berti, F., & Harris, K. S. (1976). Some aspects of coarticulation.Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research, 45–46, 197–204.Search in Google Scholar
6 BoersmaP, WeeninkD (2017): Praat: doing phonetics by computer (Version 6.0.14). http://www.praat.org/Search in Google Scholar
7 Bradlow, A. R. (1995). A comparative acoustic study of English and Spanish vowels.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97(3), 1916–1924. 10.1121/1.4120640001-4966Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8 Butcher, A. (1989). Measuring coarticulation and variability in tongue contact patterns.Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 3(1), 39–47. 10.3109/026992089089852690269-9206Search in Google Scholar
9 Butcher, A., & Weiher, E. (1976). An electropalatographic investigation of coarticulation in VCV sequences.Journal of Phonetics, 4, 59–74.0095-447010.1016/S0095-4470(19)31222-7Search in Google Scholar
10 Canfield, D. L. (1981). Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar
11 Chang, C. B. (2012). Rapid and multifaceted effects of second-language learning on first-language speech production.Journal of Phonetics, 40(2), 249–268. 10.1016/j.wocn.2011.10.0070095-4470Search in Google Scholar
12 Chládková, K., Escudero, P., & Boersma, P. (2011). Context-specific acoustic differences between Peruvian and Iberian Spanish vowels.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 130(1), 416–428. 10.1121/1.35922420001-4966Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13 Cho, T. (2004). Prosodically conditioned strengthening and vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in English.Journal of Phonetics, 32(2), 141–176. 10.1016/S0095-4470(03)00043-30095-4470Search in Google Scholar
14 ConklinJ (2015): The interaction of gradient and categorical processes of long-distance vowel-to-vowel assimilation in Kazan Tatar; MA thesis, Purdue University.Search in Google Scholar
15 Corp, I. B. M. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 25.0). Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.Search in Google Scholar
16 DabkowskiMF (2018): Variable Vowel Reduction in Mexico City Spanish; PhD thesis, The Ohio State University.Search in Google Scholar
17 de Jong, K. J. (1995). The supraglottal articulation of prominence in English: Linguistic stress as localized hyperarticulation.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97(1), 491–504. 10.1121/1.4122750001-4966Search in Google Scholar PubMed
18 de Jong, K., Beckman, M. E., & Edwards, J. (1993). The interplay between prosodic structure and coarticulation.Language and Speech, 36(Pt 2-3), 197–212. 10.1177/0023830993036003050023-8309Search in Google Scholar PubMed
19 Farnetani, E. (1990). V-C-V lingual coarticulation and its spatiotemporal domain. In W. J.Hardcastle & A.Marchal (Eds.),Speech production and speech modelling (pp. 93–130). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. 10.1007/978-94-009-2037-8_5Search in Google Scholar
20 Flege, J. E. (1987). The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification.Journal of Phonetics, 15, 47–65.0095-447010.1016/S0095-4470(19)30537-6Search in Google Scholar
21 Fletcher, J. (2004). An EMA/EPG study of vowel-to-vowel articulation across velars in Southern British English.Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 18(6-8), 577–592. 10.1080/026992004100017036190269-9206Search in Google Scholar PubMed
22 Fowler, C. A. (1981). Production and perception of coarticulation among stressed and unstressed vowels.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR, 24(1), 127–139. 10.1044/jshr.2401.1271092-4388Search in Google Scholar PubMed
23 Fowler, C. A., & Brancazio, L. (2000). Coarticulation Resistance of American English Consonants and its Effects on Transconsonantal Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation.Language and Speech, 43(1), 1–41. 10.1177/002383090004300101010023-8309Search in Google Scholar
24 HenkeWL (1966): Dynamic articulatory model of speech production using computer simulation; PhD thesis, MIT.10.1121/1.2143460Search in Google Scholar
25 Henriksen, N. (2017). Patterns of vowel laxing and harmony in Iberian Spanish: Data from production and perception.Journal of Phonetics, 63, 106–126. 10.1016/j.wocn.2017.05.0010095-4470Search in Google Scholar
26 Holliday, N., & Martin, S. (2018). Vowel categories and allophonic lowering among Bolivian Quechua–Spanish bilinguals.Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 48(2), 199–222. 10.1017/S00251003170005120025-1003Search in Google Scholar
27 Hualde, J. I. (2012). Stress and Rhythm. In J. I.Hualde, A.Olarrea, & E.O’Rourke (Eds.),The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics (pp. 153–171). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781118228098.ch8Search in Google Scholar
28 Kondo, Y. (2000). Production of schwa by Japanese speakers of English: An acoustic study of shifts in coarticulatory strategies. Papers in Laboratory Phonology V. Acquisition and the Lexicon, 5, 29.Search in Google Scholar
29 LindblomB, MacNeilageP (2011): Coarticulation: A universal phonetic phenomenon with roots in deep time. TMH-QPSR (Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report) 51:41–44.Search in Google Scholar
30 Lipski, J. M. (1994). Latin American Spanish. New York: Longman Publishing.Search in Google Scholar
31 Magen, H. (1984). Vowel-to-Vowel coarticulation in English and Japanese.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 75(S1, Suppl. 1), S41. 10.1121/1.20214240001-4966Search in Google Scholar
32 Magen, H. (1997). The extent of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in English.Journal of Phonetics, 25(2), 187–205. 10.1006/jpho.1996.00410095-4470Search in Google Scholar
33 Majors, T. (2006). The development of stress-dependent harmony.Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 25, 59–83.0737-4143Search in Google Scholar
34 Manuel, S. Y. (1990). The role of contrast in limiting vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in different languages.Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research, 88(3), 1286–1298. 10.1121/1.3997050001-4966Search in Google Scholar PubMed
35 Manuel, S. Y. (1999). Cross-language studies: relating language-particular coarticulation patterns to other language-particular facts. In W. J.Hardcastle & N.Hewlett (Eds.),Coarticulation: Theory, Data, and Techniques (pp. 179–198). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
36 Manuel, S. Y., & Krakow, R. A. (1984). Universal and language particular aspects of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation.Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research, 77–78, 69–78.Search in Google Scholar
37 Matuschek, H., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., Baayen, H., & Bates, D. (2017). Balancing type I error and power in linear mixed models.Journal of Memory and Language, 94, 305–315. 10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.0010749-596XSearch in Google Scholar
38 Modarresi, G., Sussmann, H., Lindblom, B., & Burlingame, E. (2004). An acoustic analysis of the bidirectionality of coarticulation in VCV utterances.Journal of Phonetics, 32(3), 291–312. 10.1016/j.wocn.2003.11.0020095-4470Search in Google Scholar
39 Mok, P. P. K. (2011). Effects of vowel duration and vowel quality on vowel-to-vowel coarticulation.Language and Speech, 54(Pt 4), 527–545. 10.1177/00238309114049610023-8309Search in Google Scholar PubMed
40 Mok, P. P. K. (2013). Does vowel inventory density affect vowel-to-vowel coarticulation?Language and Speech, 56(Pt 2), 191–209. 10.1177/00238309124439480023-8309Search in Google Scholar PubMed
41 NicolaidisK (1999): The influence of stress on V-to-V coarticulation: An electropalatographic study; in OhalaJJ, HasegawaY, OhalaM, GranvilleD, BaileyAC(eds.): Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, New York, American Institute of Physics, pp 1087–1090.Search in Google Scholar
42 Oh, E. (2008). Coarticulation in non-native speakers of English and French: An acoustic study.Journal of Phonetics, 36(2), 361–384. 10.1016/j.wocn.2007.12.0010095-4470Search in Google Scholar
43 Recasens, D. (1987). An acoustic analysis of V-to-C and V-to-V coarticulatory effects in Catalan and Spanish VCV sequences.Journal of Phonetics, 15, 299–312.0095-447010.1016/S0095-4470(19)30580-7Search in Google Scholar
44 Recasens, D. (1999a). Acoustic analysis. In W. J.Hardcastle & N.Hewlett (Eds.),Coarticulation: Theory, Data, and Techniques (pp. 322–336). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486395.017Search in Google Scholar
45 Recasens, D. (1999b). Lingual coarticulation. In W. J.Hardcastle & N.Hewlett (Eds.),Coarticulation: Theory, Data, and Techniques (pp. 80–104). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486395.005Search in Google Scholar
46 Recasens, D. (2002). An EMA study of VCV coarticulatory direction.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 111(6), 2828–2841. 10.1121/1.14791460001-4966Search in Google Scholar PubMed
47 Recasens, D. (2015). The effect of stress and speech rate on vowel coarticulation in Catalan vowel-consonant-vowel sequences.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR, 58(5), 1407–1424. 10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-14-01961092-4388Search in Google Scholar PubMed
48 Recasens, D., Farnetani, E., Fontdevila, J., & Pallarès, M. D. (1993). An electropalatographic study of alveolar and palatal consonants in Catalan and Italian.Language and Speech, 36(Pt 2-3), 213–234. 10.1177/0023830993036003060023-8309Search in Google Scholar PubMed
49 Recasens, D., Pallarès, M. D., & Fontdevila, J. (1997). A model of lingual coarticulation based on articulatory constraints.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 102(1), 544–561. 10.1121/1.4197270001-4966Search in Google Scholar
50 RenwickME (2012): Vowels of Romanian: Historical, phonological, and phonetic studies; PhD thesis, Cornell University.Search in Google Scholar
51 Romanelli, S., Menegotto, A., & Smyth, R. (2018). Stress-Induced Acoustic Variation in L2 and L1 Spanish Vowels.Phonetica, 75(3), 190–218. 10.1159/0004846110031-8388Search in Google Scholar PubMed
52 Sancier, M. L., & Fowler, C. A. (1997). Gestural drift in a bilingual speaker of Brazilian Portuguese and English.Journal of Phonetics, 25(4), 421–436. 10.1006/jpho.1997.00510095-4470Search in Google Scholar
53 Scarborough, R. (2013). Neighborhood-conditioned patterns in phonetic detail: Relating coarticulation and hyperarticulation.Journal of Phonetics, 41(6), 491–508. 10.1016/j.wocn.2013.09.0040095-4470Search in Google Scholar
54 Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime (Version 2.0). Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools Inc.Search in Google Scholar
55 Traunmüller, H. (1990). Analytical expressions for the tonotopic sensory scale.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 88(1), 97–100. 10.1121/1.3998490001-4966Search in Google Scholar
56 Vera Diettes, K. J. (2014). Fenómenos de Reducción Vocálica por Hablantes Colombianos de Inglés como L2: Un Estudio Acústico.Forma y Función, 27(1), 11–43. 10.15446/fyf.v27n1.46940Search in Google Scholar
57 Whalen, D. H. (1990). Coarticulation is largely planned.Journal of Phonetics, 18, 3–35.0095-447010.1016/S0095-4470(19)30356-0Search in Google Scholar
58 Zellou, G. (2017). Individual differences in the production of nasal coarticulation and perceptual compensation.Journal of Phonetics, 61, 13–29. 10.1016/j.wocn.2016.12.0020095-4470Search in Google Scholar
- 1
One participant came from Mexico City, Mexico, an area that has been noted to exhibit reduction and variation in unstressed vowels (Lipski, 1994; Dabkowski, 2018). Dabkowski (2018) found that the reduction of unstressed vowels in Mexico City Spanish consisted primarily of shortening and changes to voice quality but did not significantly affect vowel formants. Because of this, it was judged that there was not sufficient reason to exclude the participant, and their data were included in the analysis.
© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel