Noise-aware resource allocation with integrated key generation and consumption for CV-QKD over WDM networks

Shifeng Ding; Shifeng Ding; Gangxiang Shen; Gangxiang Shen; Fengxian Tang; Fengxian Tang; Calvin Chun-Kit Chan

doi:10.1364/JOCN.505197

Journal of Optical Communications and Networking
Vol. 16,
Issue 1,
pp. 29-44
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.505197

Noise-aware resource allocation with integrated key generation and consumption for CV-QKD over WDM networks

Shifeng Ding, Gangxiang Shen, Fengxian Tang, and Calvin Chun-Kit Chan

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Shifeng Ding, Gangxiang Shen, Fengxian Tang, and Calvin Chun-Kit Chan, "Noise-aware resource allocation with integrated key generation and consumption for CV-QKD over WDM networks," J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 16, 29-44 (2024)

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Abstract

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) has been regarded as a promising approach to secure optical communications over wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. Conventionally, the key generation and the key consumption were considered separately, thus potentially leading to a possible mismatch between them and significantly degrading the network efficiency. A few studies considered these two parts jointly but assumed the worst noise condition, which may lead to an over-supply of quantum keys. In this paper, we propose a noise-aware resource allocation (NARA) scheme and design a framework to balance the generation and the consumption of quantum keys for CV-QKD over WDM networks. We formulate the NARA problem as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. An efficient heuristic algorithm with three allocation schemes, including threshold-based noise loading (TNL), stress-based noise loading (SNL), and noise margin reservation (NMR), has been designed. Simulation results show that NARA with the NMR scheme can significantly reduce the total number of wavelengths used and the total network cost under all system parameters by more than 10% and 20%, respectively, compared to the other two schemes.

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Notation	Definition	Values
$A$	Average traffic demand	${200, 250, \dots, 400}$ Gb/s
-	Actual traffic demand	$[50, 2 A - 50]$ Gb/s
-	AES key length	${128, 192, 256}$ bits
$γ^{r e u s e}$	$K e y r e u s e r a t e$	$10^{- 3}$
$γ^{r e n e w}$	Key renewal rate	${5, 7.5, \dots, 15} \times 10^{- 6} s^{- 1}$
-	Attack complexity	${5, 7.5, \dots, 15} \times 10^{- 9}$
$Ξ^{t h r}$	Excess noise threshold	${0.06, 0.07, \dots, 0.10}$ SNU
$P_{i n}$	CCh launch power	${1, 0, \dots, - 3}$ dBm
$α$	Fiber attenuation coefficient	$0.2 d B {k m}^{- 1}$
$L$	QKD transmission distance	${20, 25, \dots, 40}$ km
$η_{B}$	Efficiency of Bob’s detector	0.6
$Γ$	Raman cross-section	$\sim {k m}^{- 1} \cdot {n m}^{- 1}$ , Eq. (3)
$ℏ$	Plank’s constant	$6.626 \times 10^{- 34} J \cdot {H z}^{- 1}$
$c$	Light speed	$3 \times 10^{8} m \cdot s^{- 1}$

Notation	Definition	Values
$A$	Average traffic demand	${200, 250, \dots, 400}$ Gb/s
-	Actual traffic demand	$[50, 2 A - 50]$ Gb/s
-	AES key length	${128, 192, 256}$ bits
$γ^{r e u s e}$	$K e y r e u s e r a t e$	$10^{- 3}$
$γ^{r e n e w}$	Key renewal rate	${5, 7.5, \dots, 15} \times 10^{- 6} s^{- 1}$
-	Attack complexity	${5, 7.5, \dots, 15} \times 10^{- 9}$
$Ξ^{t h r}$	Excess noise threshold	${0.06, 0.07, \dots, 0.10}$ SNU
$P_{i n}$	CCh launch power	${1, 0, \dots, - 3}$ dBm
$α$	Fiber attenuation coefficient	$0.2 d B {k m}^{- 1}$
$L$	QKD transmission distance	${20, 25, \dots, 40}$ km
$η_{B}$	Efficiency of Bob’s detector	0.6
$Γ$	Raman cross-section	$\sim {k m}^{- 1} \cdot {n m}^{- 1}$ , Eq. (3)
$ℏ$	Plank’s constant	$6.626 \times 10^{- 34} J \cdot {H z}^{- 1}$
$c$	Light speed	$3 \times 10^{8} m \cdot s^{- 1}$

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Journal of Optical Communications and Networking