Reliable and cost effective all-optical wireless architecture for a broadband access network

Priyanka Singh; Vivek Ashok Bohara; Vivek Ashok Bohara; Anand Srivastava; Anand Srivastava

doi:10.1364/JOCN.463574

Journal of Optical Communications and Networking
Vol. 15,
Issue 2,
pp. 98-110
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.463574

Reliable and cost effective all-optical wireless architecture for a broadband access network

Priyanka Singh, Vivek Ashok Bohara, and Anand Srivastava

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Priyanka Singh, Vivek Ashok Bohara, and Anand Srivastava, "Reliable and cost effective all-optical wireless architecture for a broadband access network," J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 15, 98-110 (2023)

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Abstract

The conventional fiber-wireless (FiWi) network integrates a fiber-based back-end with a wireless-fidelity (WiFi)-based front-end in passive optical network architecture. Free-space optics (FSO) has recently been explored as a cost-effective alternative to optical fiber. Moreover, light fidelity (LiFi) is also emerging as a complementary technology to WiFi for indoor communication due to its ease of deployment and large unlicensed spectrum. This paper explores the benefits and trade-offs of integrating the FSO-based back-end with the LiFi-based front-end for an active optical network (AON). We have simulated multiple possible integration architectures of the FSO/fiber-based back-end with the LiFi/WiFi-based front-end. Moreover, to further improve system performance, we explore link aggregation, wherein users can receive data concurrently from both WiFi and LiFi access points. We evaluate and compare these proposed architectures in terms of average throughput, deployment cost, cost-per-bit, fairness, and reliability against conventional FiWi architecture. In addition, we present an analytical framework to estimate the outage probability of the hybrid FSO-LiFi architecture in which the FSO-based back-end network in AON architecture is integrated with a LiFi-based front-end. The obtained simulation results demonstrate the potential of this proposed hybrid architecture over conventional FiWi architecture.

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Reference	PON	FSO	VLC	Dynamic User Location	Multi-user
[12]	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗
[13]	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗
[14]	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗
[15]	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗
[16]	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗
[17]	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗
[18]	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗
[19]	✓	✓	✗	✗	✗
[20]	✗	✓	✓	✗	✗
[21]	✗	✓	✓	✗	✗
[22]	✗	✓	✓	✗	✗
[23]	✗	✓	✓	✗	✗
[26]	✗	✗	✓	✓	✓
Proposed work	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Abbreviation	Description
AON	Active optical network
AOS	Active optical splitter
AP	Access point
AWGN	Additive white Gaussian noise
CAPEX	Capital expenditure
CC	Centralized controller
CCDF	Complementary cumulative distribution function
CDF	Cumulative distribution function
FiWi	Fiber-wireless fidelity
FiLi	Fiber-light fidelity
FiLA	Fiber-link aggregation
FoWi	Free-space optics-wireless fidelity
FoLi	Free-space optics-light fidelity
FoLA	Free-space optics-link aggregation
FSO	Free-space optics
LA	Link aggregation
LD	Laser diode
LED	Light-emitting diode
LiFi	Light-fidelity
MZM	Mach–Zehnder modulator
ODN	Optical distribution network
OLT	Optical line terminal
ONU	Optical network unit
OOK	On–off keying
PD	Photodetector
PDF	Probability distribution function
PSD	Power spectral density
SINR	Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
SNR	Signal-to-noise ratio
TDMA	Time division multiple access
VLC	Visible light communication
WiFi	Wireless-fidelity
XG-PON	10-gigabit-capable PON

Proposed Architectures	Backhaul Technology	Fronthaul Technology	Shown in Figure
FiWi	Fiber	WiFi	Fig. 1
FoLi	FSO	LiFi	Fig. 2
FoWi	FSO	WiFi	Fig. 3(a)
FiLi	Fiber	LiFi	Fig. 3(b)
FoLA	FSO	LA	Fig. 3(c)
FiLA	Fiber	LA	Fig. 3(d)

Parameters	Values
Optical Fiber and FSO Channel
FSO link length, $L$ (feeder and distribution section)	2 and 4 km
Optical wavelength, $λ$	1550 nm
FSO transmit optical power, $P_{o u t}$	17.78 dBm
Receiver aperture radius	30 cm
Refractive index structure, $C_{n}^{2}$ (weak turbulence)	$8 \times 10^{- 15} m^{- 2 / 3}$
Refractive index structure, $C_{n}^{2}$ (moderate turbulence)	$2 \times 10^{- 14} m^{- 2 / 3}$
Refractive index structure, $C_{n}^{2}$ (high turbulence)	$1 \times 10^{- 13} m^{- 2 / 3}$
Attenuation coefficient of optical fiber [19]	0.2 dB/km
PD responsivity, $ζ_{3}$	0.5 A/W
Jitter standard deviation, $σ_{j}$	30 cm
Extinction coefficient, $k_{L}$	0.43
Noise variance, $σ_{n_{01}}^{2}$ , $σ_{n_{02}}^{2}$	$10^{- 14}$
WiFi Channel
Room size ( $L \times W \times H$ )	$10 m \times 10 m \times 3 m$
User height above floor level	0.85 m
Standard deviation of fading, $σ$ (before $d_{B P}$ )	3 dB
Standard deviation of fading, $σ$ (after $d_{B P}$ )	5 dB
Breakpoint distance, $d_{B P}$	5 m
Carrier frequency, $f_{c}$	2.4 GHz
PSD of WiFi noise, $N_{W i F i}$	$- 174 d B m / H z$
Transmit power per WiFi AP, $P_{t}^{W i F i}$	20 dBm
Bandwidth of WiFi AP, ${B W}_{W i F i}$	20 MHz
LiFi Channel
PD area, $A$	$1 {c m}^{2}$
Refractive index	1.5
Semi-angle of the LED, $Φ_{1 / 2}$	60°
Gain of the optical filter, $U (ϕ)$	1
FOV of the PD, $Ψ_{F O V}$	90°
Responsivity of the PD, $R$	0.53 A/W
Transmit optical power per LiFi AP, $P_{o}$	3 W
Optical to electric power conversion coefficient, $κ$	3
Bandwidth of each LiFi AP, ${B W}_{L i F i}$	20 MHz
Number of LiFi APs in a room, $N_{L - A P}$	4
PSD of LiFi noise, $N_{L i F i}$	$10^{- 21} A^{2} / H z$

Network Component	Unit Cost ( $$$ )
OLT	27,560
Splitter (1:16)	750
ONU	350
ONU-AP	1350
Fiber (/km)	4000
Fiber laying and trenching (/km)	16,000
FSO link	4124
Hybrid LiFi and WiFi link (with LA capability)	10,337
LiFi link (4 LiFi APs, 4 luminaries, 4 dongles)	6885

Abstract

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Tables (6)

Equations (34)

Journal of Optical Communications and Networking