Abstract
This paper proposes a standardized simulation environment to evaluate current and to design future multi-level grid control strategies in terms of a safe and reliable operation in future converter-dominated grids. For this, the first step is to develop a taxonomy for the uniform description of multi-level grid control strategies, to define relevant design options and to derive the relevant evaluation and comparison criteria. Furthermore, aspects of new ICT-methods (e. g., machine learning decoders for aggregated flexibility description) are presented, which can help to tap the decentral flexibility potentials in future grid control strategies. Lastly, the major converter-related aspects are investigated. In particular, the stability of converter clusters in large-scale energy systems is analysed and new monitoring possibilities utilizing converter systems will be introduced.
Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag stellt einen Ansatz für eine standardisierte Simulationsumgebung zur Bewertung heutiger und zur Gestaltung zukünftiger multi-level Netzregelungsstrategien hinsichtlich der Gewährleistung eines sicheren und zuverlässigen Betriebs zukünftig umrichterdominierter Netze vor. Dafür werden zunächst eine einheitliche Beschreibung von Multi-Level Netzregelungsstrategien eingeführt, Gestaltungsoptionen identifiziert und relevante Bewertungs- und Vergleichskriterien definiert. Weiterhin werden neue Methoden der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik (z. B. Machine-Learning Decoder) präsentiert, die dazu verwendet werden können dezentrales Flexibilitätspotential für zukünftige Netzregelungsstrategien zu erschließen. Abschließend werden die wichtigsten umrichterbezogenen Aspekte betrachtet. Insbesondere die Stabilität von Umrichterverbünden in großräumigen Energiesystemen wird analysiert und neue Überwachungsmöglichkeiten unter Verwendung der Umrichter werden eingeführt.
Funding source: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Award Identifier / Grant number: 359921210
Funding statement: This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 359921210.
About the authors
Marcel Sarstedt received the M.Sc. degree in power engineering from the Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany, in 2017. Since 2018, he has been working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Institute of Electric Power Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover. His research interests include grid control strategies, ancillary services and TSO/DSO-cooperation.
Marc Dokus received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany, in 2016. Since 2017, he has been working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Institute for Drive Systems and Power Electronics, Leibniz Universität Hannover. His main research interests include the stability analysis and control of grid-connected converter system in power networks.
Johannes Gerster received the M.Sc. degree in environmental modelling from the Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany, in 2014. He has been working as a research assistant at the Power Systems Intelligence group at the OFFIS Institute for Information Technology, Oldenburg, Germany and at the Energy Informatics group at the Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg since 2015 and 2018, respectively. His research interests are abstract flexibility description with machine learning decoders, distributed optimisation heuristics and muti-agent systems.
Niklas Himker received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany, in 2018. Since 2019, he has been working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Institute for Drive Systems and Power Electronics, Leibniz Universität Hannover. His research interests include control of converters and FPGA-based estimation methods.
Lutz Hofmann received the Dipl.-Ing. and Dr.-Ing. degrees from the Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany, in 1994 and 1997, respectively. In 2002, he concluded his professorial dissertation in electric power engineering. In 2002 and 2003, he was a Project Manager for the engineering and consultant company Fichtner in Stuttgart, Germany. From 2004 to 2007, he was with the German transmission system operator E.ON Netz GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany, in the Network Planning Department. Since 2007, he has been a Full Professor and the Head of the Institute of Electric Power Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover. Since 2011, he has also been the Head of the Department of Transmission Grids, Fraunhofer IWES, Kassel, Germany. His current research interests are modeling and simulation of electric power systems, integration of renewable and decentralized energy sources, and power quality.
Sebastian Lehnhoff is a Full Professor for Energy Informatics at the University of Oldenburg. He received his doctorate at the TU Dortmund University in 2009. Prof. Lehnhoff is a member of the executive board of the OFFIS Institute for Information Technology and speaker of its Energy R&D division. He is speaker of the section „Energy Informatics“ within the German Informatics Society (GI), assoc. editor of the IEEE Computer Society’s Computing and Smart Grid Special Technical Community as well as an active member of numerous committees and working groups focusing on ICT in future Smart Grids. Prof. Lehnhoff is CTO of openKONSEQUENZ e.G. - registered co-operative industry association for the development of modular open source SCADA/EMS. He serves as an Executive Committee Member of the ACM Emerging Interest Group on Energy Systems and Informatics (EIG-ENERGY), Steering Committee member of the EIG flagship conference E-Energy and as a founding Board Member of SpringerOpen journal on Energy Informatics. Prof. Lehnhoff is author of over 150 refereed and peer-reviewed scientific publications.
Axel Mertens received his Dipl.-Ing. degree in 1987 and Dr.-Ing. (Ph.D.) in 1992, both from RWTH Aachen, Germany. In 1989 he was a visiting scholar at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, USA. From 1993 to 2004 he was with Siemens AG in Erlangen and Nürnberg, Germany, with responsibilities for the control systems of large drives including a variety of converter topologies, and for a product line of medium voltage inverters. In 2004 he was appointed Professor for Power Electronics and Drives at Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany. He served as Department Chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and as spokesman of his University’s energy research center LiFE 2050. In addition to his academic duties, he had responsibilities within Fraunhofer IFAM, Bremen, and presently within Fraunhofer IEE in Kassel, Germany. Prof. Mertens has published more than 150 scientific papers and a number of patents. His research interests include the application of power semiconductor devices, design of power electronic circuits and systems, and the related control for applications in E-mobility, energy, and industrial drives.
References
1. dena, “dena-Studie Systemdienstleistungen 2030 - Sicherheit und Zuverlässigkeit einer Stromversorgung mit hohem Anteil erneuerbarer Energien,” 2014.Search in Google Scholar
2. BMWi, “7. Energieforschungsprogramm der Bundesregierung,” 2018.Search in Google Scholar
3. D. E. Olivares, A. Mehrizi-Sani, A. H. Etemadi, C. A. Cañizares, R. Iravani, M. Kazerani, A. H. Hajimiragha, O. Gomis-Bellmunt, M. Saeedifard, R. Palma-Behnke, G. A. Jiménez-Estévez and N. D. Hatziargyriou, “Trends in microgrid control,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1905–1919, July 2014.10.1109/TSG.2013.2295514Search in Google Scholar
4. M. Yazdanian and A. Mehrizi-Sani, “Distributed control techniques in microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 2901–2909, Nov 2014.10.1109/TSG.2014.2337838Search in Google Scholar
5. Cigré-733-System Operation Emphasizing DSO/TSO Interaction and Coordination-Joint Working Group C2/C6.36, Std., Jun 2018.Search in Google Scholar
6. P. Kundur, J. Paserba, V. Ajjarapu, G. Andersson, A. Bose, C. Canizares, N. Hatziargyriou, D. Hill, A. Stankovic, C. Taylor, T. Van Cutsem and V. Vittal, “Definition and classification of power system stability IEEE/CIGRE joint task force on stability terms and definitions,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1387–1401, Aug 2004.10.1109/TPWRS.2004.825981Search in Google Scholar
7. X. Wang, F. Blaabjerg and W. Wu, “Modeling and analysis of harmonic stability in an AC power-electronics-based power system,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 6421–6432, Dec 2014.10.1109/TPEL.2014.2306432Search in Google Scholar
8. F. C. Schweppe and S. K. Mitter, “Hierarchical system theory and electric power systems,” in Real-time Control of Electric power Systems: Proceedings of the Symposium on Real-Time Control of Electric Power Systems, E. Handschin, Ed. Elsevier Publishing Company, Aug 1972, pp. 258–277.Search in Google Scholar
9. S. Meinecke, N. Bornhorst and M. Braun, “Power system benchmark generation methodology,” in NEIS 2018; Conference on Sustainable Energy Supply and Energy Storage Systems, Sep. 2018, pp. 1–6.Search in Google Scholar
10. M. Sarstedt, S. Garske, C. Blaufuß and L. Hofmann, “Modelling of integrated transmission and distribution grids based on synthetic distribution grid models,” in 2019 IEEE PES PowerTech, Milano, 2019, accepted for publication.10.1109/PTC.2019.8810823Search in Google Scholar
11. T. Rendel, C. Rathke, T. Breithaupt and L. Hofmann, “Integrated grid and power market simulation,” in 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, July 2012, pp. 1–7.10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345014Search in Google Scholar
12. M. Sarstedt, S. Garske and L. Hofmann, “Application of PSO-methods for the solution of the economic optimal reactive power dispatch problem,” in 2018 IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid), Charleston SC, 2018.10.1109/eGRID.2018.8598673Search in Google Scholar
13. E. Drayer, “Resilient operation of distribution grids with distributed-hierarchical architecture,” Ph.D. dissertation, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Jun 2018.Search in Google Scholar
14. S. Buso and P. Mattavelli, “Digital control in power electronics,” in Digital Control in Power Electronics, 2006.10.1007/978-3-031-02495-5Search in Google Scholar
15. F. Milano, F. Dörfler, G. Hug, D. J. Hill and G. Verbič, “Foundations and challenges of low-inertia systems (invited paper),” in 2018 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), June 2018, pp. 1–25.10.23919/PSCC.2018.8450880Search in Google Scholar
16. P. Kundur, N. Balu and M. Lauby, Power system stability and control, ser. EPRI power system engineering series. McGraw-Hill Education, 1994.Search in Google Scholar
17. Hertz, “10-Punkte Programm der 110-kV Verteilnetzbetreiber und des Übertragungsnetzbetreibers der Regelzone 50 Hertz zur Weiterentwicklung der Systemdienstleistungen,” 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.50hertz.com/Portals/1/Content/NewsXSP/50hertz_flux/Dokumente/10_Punkte_Programm_Systemsicherheit-Langfassung.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
18. O. Brückl, M. Haslbeck, M. Riederer, C. Adelt, J. Eller, F. Habler, T. Sator, T. Sippenauer, B. Strohmayer und J. Stuber, “Zukünftige Bereitstellung von Blindleistung und anderen Maßnahmen für die Netzsicherheit,” Sep 2016.Search in Google Scholar
19. X. Han, K. Heussen, O. Gehrke, H. W. Bindner and B. Kroposki, “Taxonomy for evaluation of distributed control strategies for distributed energy resources,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 5185–5195, Sep. 2018.10.1109/TSG.2017.2682924Search in Google Scholar
20. A. Zegers and H. Brunner, “TSO-DSO interaction: An overview of current interaction between transmission and distribution system operators and an assessment of their cooperation in smart grids,” ISGAN Discussion Paper, 2014.Search in Google Scholar
21. VDE, “VDE-AR-N 4105:2018-10 Erzeugungsanlagen am Niederspannungsnetz,” Oct. 2018.Search in Google Scholar
22. VDE, “VDE-AR-N 4110:2018-10 Technische Anschlussregel Mittelspannung,” Oct. 2018.Search in Google Scholar
23. VDE, “VDE-AR-N 4120:2018-10 Technische Anschlussregel Hochspannung,” Oct. 2018.Search in Google Scholar
24. D. K. Molzahn, F. Dörfler, H. Sandberg, S. H. Low, S. Chakrabarti, R. Baldick and J. Lavaei, “A survey of distributed optimization and control algorithms for electric power systems,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2941–2962, Nov 2017.10.1109/TSG.2017.2720471Search in Google Scholar
25. T. Strasser, F. Pröstl Andrén, J. Kathan, C. Cecati, C. Buccella, P. Siano, P. Leitão, G. Zhabelova, V. Vyatkin, P. Vrba and V. Marik, “A review of architectures and concepts for intelligence in future electric energy systems,” Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, pp. 1–16, 01 2014.Search in Google Scholar
26. DIN IEC 60050-351, International electrotechnical vocabulary - Part 351: Control technology, Std., Sep 2014.Search in Google Scholar
27. L. Xie, D. Choi, S. Kar and H. V. Poor, “Fully distributed state estimation for wide-area monitoring systems,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1154–1169, Sep. 2012.10.1109/TSG.2012.2197764Search in Google Scholar
28. P. Vrba, V. Mařík, P. Siano, P. Leitão, G. Zhabelova, V. Vyatkin and T. Strasser, “A review of agent and service-oriented concepts applied to intelligent energy systems,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1890–1903, Aug 2014.10.1109/TII.2014.2326411Search in Google Scholar
29. J. Zhu, Optimization of Power System Operation, 2015.10.1002/9781118887004Search in Google Scholar
30. K. Rudion, A. Orths, Z. A. Styczynski and K. Strunz, “Design of benchmark of medium voltage distribution network for investigation of DG integration,” in 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, June 2006, pp. 6.10.1109/PES.2006.1709447Search in Google Scholar
31. T. Faulwasser, A. Engelmann, T. Mühlpfordt and V. Hagenmeyer, “Optimal power flow: an introduction to predictive, distributed and stochastic control challenges,” at - Automatisierungstechnik, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 573–589, Jul 2018. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2018-0040.10.1515/auto-2018-0040Search in Google Scholar
32. J. Bremer and M. Sonnenschein, “Constraint-handling with support vector decoders,” in Agents and Artificial Intelligence: 5th International Conference, ICAART 2013, Revised Selected Papers, J. Filipe and A. Fred, Eds. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014, pp. 228–244.10.1007/978-3-662-44440-5_14Search in Google Scholar
33. M. Nijhuis, M. Gibescu and J. Cobben, “Assessment of the impacts of the renewable energy and ICT driven energy transition on distribution networks,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 52, pp. 1003–1014, Dec. 2015.10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.124Search in Google Scholar
34. J. Bremer, B. Rapp and M. Sonnenschein, “Support vector based encoding of distributed energy resources’ feasible load spaces,” in IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), Gothenberg, Sweden, 2010.10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2010.5638940Search in Google Scholar
35. X. Wang, F. Blaabjerg and P. C. Loh, “Passivity-based stability analysis and damping injection for multiparalleled VSCs with LCL filters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 8922–8935, Nov 2017.10.1109/TPEL.2017.2651948Search in Google Scholar
36. L. Harnefors, X. Wang, A. G. Yepes and F. Blaabjerg, “Passivity-based stability assessment of grid-connected VSCS—an overview,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 116–125, March 2016.10.1109/JESTPE.2015.2490549Search in Google Scholar
37. M. Farrokhabadi, C. A. Canizares, J. W. Simpson-Porco, E. Nasr, L. Fan, P. Mendoza-Araya, R. Tonkoski, U. Tamrakar, N. D. Hatziargyriou, D. Lagos, R. W. Wies, M. Paolone, M. Liserre, L. Meegahapola, M. Kabalan, A. H. Hajimiragha, D. Peralta, M. Elizondo, K. P. Schneider, F. Tuffner and J. T. Reilly, “Microgrid stability definitions, analysis, and examples,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, p. 1, 2019.10.1109/TPWRS.2019.2925703Search in Google Scholar
38. J. Schiffer, D. Zonetti, R. Ortega, A. M. Stanković, T. Sezi and J. Raisch, “A survey on modeling of microgrids—from fundamental physics to phasors and voltage sources,” Automatica, vol. 74, pp. 135–150, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005109816303041.10.1016/j.automatica.2016.07.036Search in Google Scholar
39. M. Kabalan, P. Singh and D. Niebur, “Large signal Lyapunov-based stability studies in microgrids: A review,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 2287–2295, Sep. 2017.10.1109/TSG.2016.2521652Search in Google Scholar
40. L. Harnefors, R. Finger, X. Wang, H. Bai and F. Blaabjerg, “VSC input-admittance modeling and analysis above the nyquist frequency for passivity-based stability assessment,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 6362–6370, Aug 2017.10.1109/TIE.2017.2677353Search in Google Scholar
41. L. Harnefors, M. Bongiorno and S. Lundberg, “Input-admittance calculation and shaping for controlled voltage-source converters,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 3323–3334, Dec 2007.10.1109/TIE.2007.904022Search in Google Scholar
42. S. Wang, Z. Liu and J. Liu, “Modeling of dq small-signal impedance of virtual synchronous generator,” in 2018 IEEE International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition (PEAC), Nov 2018.10.1109/PEAC.2018.8590285Search in Google Scholar
43. M. Dokus and A. Mertens, “Sequence impedance-based stability analysis of droop-controlled AC microgrids,” in 2019 10th IEEE International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), 2019.10.1109/PEDG.2019.8807529Search in Google Scholar
44. B. Arif, L. Tarisciotti, P. Zanchetta, J. C. Clare and M. Degano, “Grid parameter estimation using model predictive direct power control,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 4614–4622, Nov 2015.10.1109/TIA.2015.2453132Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
