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Abstract
The vowel system of Catalan has been the focus of many studies, though work on the varieties spoken on the island of Eivissa (Ibiza) are scarce, with a single mention of the possible merger of the mid back vowels /o, ɔ/ (Torres Torres, Marià. 1983. Aspectes del vocalisme tònic eivissenc. Eivissa 14. 22–23). The present article provides the first acoustic analysis of the vowel inventory of 25 young native speakers of Eivissan Catalan, with a focus on the realisations of stressed /ə, ɛ/, and the back mid vowels /o, ɔ/. We employed Pillai scores (Hay, Jennifer, Paul Warren & Katie Drager. 2006. Factors influencing speech perception in the context of a merger-in-progress. Journal of Phonetics 34. 458–484) to compare the possibly merged pairs /ə, ɛ/ and /o, ɔ/ to the fully-contrasting neighbouring pairs /e, ɛ/ and /o, u/. Our results show that all participants had considerable overlap of stressed /ə/ and /ɛ/, and all but one had considerable overlap of the back mid vowels, while the fully contrastive pairs (/e, ɛ/ and /o, u/) showed almost no overlap.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the editor-in-chief Catherine T. Best, associate editor Ghada Khattab, and the three reviewers for their valuable feedback and suggestions that have greatly improved the quality of this paper. Special thanks go to Miquel Simonet and Daniel Recasens for their insightful comments and constructive criticism. Thanks are also due to the audience at LabPhon16, 2018, especially Juli Cebrian and Tom Lentz. The authors also extend their appreciation to Paul Boersma and Rob Jelier for their help with statistical analyses. The authors would like to acknowledge the generous participation of the young informants from Eivissa and the assistance of teachers Felip Cirer Costa and Bernat Joan i Marí during recording sessions.
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Research funding: This publication is a result of the research project I+D+i PID2020-113971GB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. The corresponding author also acknowledges the support of a grant for a Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC2020-028904-I).
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Author contributions: Both authors contributed equally to this work.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare none.
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Ethics statement: For this research we obtained written informed consent from the parents of the participants. Our study has been conducted following protocols and informed consent practices in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration.
Appendix A: Items
a1 | mà | ‘hand’ | ə1 | net | ‘clean’ |
a2 | muntanya | ‘mountain’ | ə2 | tres | ‘three’ |
a3 | mapa | ‘map’ | ə3 | antena | ‘antenna’ |
a4 | sal | ‘salt’ | ə4 | pèl | ‘hair’ |
a5 | ram | ‘bouquet’ | ə5 | esquena | ‘back’ |
a6 | fantasma | ‘ghost’ | ə6 | ceba | ‘onion’ |
a7 | casa | ‘house’ | ə7 | pera | ‘pear’ |
a8 | vaca | ‘cow’ | ə8 | cella | ‘eyebrow’ |
a9 | gat | ‘cat’ | ə9 | abella | ‘bee’ |
a10 | aranya | ‘spider’ | ə10 | verd | ‘green’ |
i1 | llibre | ‘book’ | ɔ1 | flor | ‘flower’ |
i2 | conill | ‘rabbit’ | ɔ2 | porta | ‘door’ |
i3 | gris | ‘grey’ | ɔ3 | coll | ‘neck’ |
i4 | formiga | ‘ant’ | ɔ4 | ou | ‘egg’ |
i5 | síndria | ‘watermelon’ | ɔ5 | foc | ‘fire’ |
i6 | figa | ‘fig’ | ɔ6 | cova | ‘cave’ |
i7 | pi | ‘pinetree’ | ɔ7 | roda | ‘wheel’ |
i8 | fil | ‘thread’ | ɔ8 | groc | ‘yellow’ |
i9 | pinya | ‘pineapple’ | ɔ9 | sol | ‘sun’ |
i10 | pingüí | ‘penguin’ | ɔ10 | arròs | ‘rice’ |
ɛ1 | mel | ‘honey’ | o1 | polp | ‘octopus’ |
ɛ2 | cel | ‘sky’ | o2 | boca | ‘mouth’ |
ɛ3 | peu | ‘foot’ | o3 | sopa | ‘soup’ |
ɛ4 | cendra | ‘ash’ | o4 | món | ‘world’ |
ɛ5 | divendres | ‘Friday’ | o5 | estómac | ‘stomach’ |
ɛ6 | hivern | ‘winter’ | o6 | llop | ‘wolf’ |
ɛ7 | set | ‘seven’ | o7 | poma | ‘apple’ |
ɛ8 | deu | ‘ten’ | o8 | mosca | ‘fly’ |
ɛ9 | terra | ‘earth/ground’ | o9 | jove | ‘young’ |
ɛ10 | guerra | ‘war’ | o10 | meló | ‘melon’ |
u1 | pruna | ‘plumb’ | e1 | cuiner | ‘cook’ |
u2 | nu | ‘naked’ | e2 | cec | ‘blind’ |
u3 | juny | ‘June’ | e3 | vella | ‘old-fem’ |
u4 | bruixa | ‘witch’ | e4 | resa | ‘he/she prays’ |
u5 | ull | ‘eye’ | e5 | estrella | ‘star’ |
u6 | tortuga | ‘turtle’ | e6 | nét | ‘grandson’ |
u7 | lluna | ‘moon’ | e7 | Déu | ‘God’ |
u8 | puça | ‘flea’ | e8 | cresta | ‘crest’ |
u9 | cuc | ‘worm’ | e9 | festa | ‘party’ |
u10 | puny | ‘fist’ | e10 | finestra | ‘window’ |
fə = final unstressed schwa | pə = pretonic schwa | ||||
fə1 | porta | pə1 | antena | ||
fə2 | formiga | pə2 | esquena | ||
fə3 | bruixa | pə3 | fantasma | ||
fə4 | ceba | pə4 | estrella | ||
fə5 | pera | pə5 | estómac | ||
fə6 | divendres | pə6 | aranya | ||
fə7 | casa | pə7 | arròs | ||
fə8 | poma | pə8 | meló | ||
fə9 | terra | ||||
fə10 | finestra |
Appendix B1: Vowel spaces for all speakers
Appendix B2: Vowel spaces for female and male speakers
Appendix C: Results of the statistical analyses
Pillai scores and p-values for the front mid vowel pairs per speaker.
Speaker | ə_ɛ | e_ɛ | e_ə | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pillai score | p-value | Pillai score | p-value | Pillai score | p-value | |
1 | 0.00960 | 0.93468 | 0.79110 | 0.00004 | 0.86588 | <0.00001 |
2 | 0.20458 | 0.14291 | 0.89748 | <0.00001 | 0.81445 | <0.00001 |
3 | 0.07809 | 0.54344 | 0.74901 | 0.00002 | 0.76394 | 0.00001 |
4 | 0.11451 | 0.42685 | 0.93285 | <0.00001 | 0.92310 | <0.00001 |
5 | 0.09633 | 0.16989 | 0.83027 | <0.00001 | 0.86196 | <0.00001 |
6 | 0.00351 | 0.94200 | 0.93712 | <0.00001 | 0.96750 | <0.00001 |
7 | 0.02814 | 0.62444 | 0.78619 | <0.00001 | 0.79677 | <0.00001 |
8 | 0.21968 | 0.02422 | 0.93366 | <0.00001 | 0.92510 | <0.00001 |
9 | 0.03473 | 0.58851 | 0.94046 | <0.00001 | 0.94776 | <0.00001 |
10 | 0.02330 | 0.66983 | 0.88633 | <0.00001 | 0.90737 | <0.00001 |
11 | 0.11111 | 0.12003 | 0.83169 | <0.00001 | 0.77958 | <0.00001 |
12 | 0.04177 | 0.50523 | 0.94215 | <0.00001 | 0.92121 | <0.00001 |
13 | 0.01979 | 0.48688 | 0.86677 | <0.00001 | 0.77617 | <0.00001 |
14 | 0.07099 | 0.33137 | 0.88388 | <0.00001 | 0.86592 | <0.00001 |
15 | 0.05924 | 0.34346 | 0.96534 | <0.00001 | 0.93097 | <0.00001 |
16 | 0.01580 | 0.78127 | 0.65035 | <0.00001 | 0.67447 | <0.00001 |
17 | 0.28205 | 0.00303 | 0.87297 | <0.00001 | 0.81100 | <0.00001 |
18 | 0.10173 | 0.20004 | 0.79561 | <0.00001 | 0.77768 | <0.00001 |
19 | 0.04183 | 0.49405 | 0.75285 | <0.00001 | 0.71296 | <0.00001 |
20 | 0.27883 | 0.00535 | 0.97069 | <0.00001 | 0.93519 | <0.00001 |
21 | 0.00206 | 0.97257 | 0.73586 | <0.00001 | 0.80308 | <0.00001 |
22 | 0.07620 | 0.25992 | 0.90840 | <0.00001 | 0.87660 | <0.00001 |
23 | 0.05854 | 0.36962 | 0.92050 | <0.00001 | 0.92478 | <0.00001 |
24 | 0.11728 | 0.23821 | 0.87520 | <0.00001 | 0.87009 | <0.00001 |
25 | 0.00749 | 0.89342 | 0.67011 | <0.00001 | 0.78003 | <0.00001 |
Mean | 0.08389 | 0.85307 | 0.84854 |
Pillai scores and p-values for the back mid vowel pairs per speaker. For the o_ɔ pair, the only p-value below 0.001 is in boldface italics. For the other two pairs, the two exceptions of p-values above 0.001 are in boldface italics.
Speaker | o_ɔ | u_o | u_ɔ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pillai score | p-value | Pillai score | p-value | Pillai score | p-value | |
1 | 0.66623 | 0.00015 | 0.57696 | 0.00103 | 0.93415 | <0.00001 |
2 | 0.05839 | 0.63686 | 0.80542 | 0.00001 | 0.89650 | <0.00001 |
3 | 0.00419 | 0.96694 | 0.73633 | 0.00002 | 0.88046 | <0.00001 |
4 | 0.11379 | 0.35815 | 0.56899 | 0.00078 | 0.52332 | 0.00184 |
5 | 0.03217 | 0.58304 | 0.89786 | <0.00001 | 0.92379 | <0.00001 |
6 | 0.01441 | 0.78702 | 0.77811 | <0.00001 | 0.82265 | <0.00001 |
7 | 0.20409 | 0.01841 | 0.67011 | <0.00001 | 0.61225 | <0.00001 |
8 | 0.01583 | 0.78090 | 0.87880 | <0.00001 | 0.87331 | <0.00001 |
9 | 0.11817 | 0.12557 | 0.57310 | <0.00001 | 0.69490 | <0.00001 |
10 | 0.12643 | 0.10749 | 0.62517 | <0.00001 | 0.67322 | <0.00001 |
11 | 0.00609 | 0.90413 | 0.84562 | <0.00001 | 0.84967 | <0.00001 |
12 | 0.03192 | 0.55773 | 0.73728 | <0.00001 | 0.75313 | <0.00001 |
13 | 0.01943 | 0.51821 | 0.62181 | <0.00001 | 0.70350 | <0.00001 |
14 | 0.08619 | 0.20651 | 0.86304 | <0.00001 | 0.83127 | <0.00001 |
15 | 0.06824 | 0.29030 | 0.77133 | <0.00001 | 0.77824 | <0.00001 |
16 | 0.01568 | 0.75833 | 0.88370 | <0.00001 | 0.87685 | <0.00001 |
17 | 0.04593 | 0.44965 | 0.76475 | <0.00001 | 0.81514 | <0.00001 |
18 | 0.03743 | 0.55358 | 0.87466 | <0.00001 | 0.89427 | <0.00001 |
19 | 0.18698 | 0.02672 | 0.60971 | <0.00001 | 0.60193 | <0.00001 |
20 | 0.10854 | 0.14182 | 0.68799 | <0.00001 | 0.77045 | <0.00001 |
21 | 0.10581 | 0.13357 | 0.64413 | <0.00001 | 0.61411 | <0.00001 |
22 | 0.01487 | 0.78687 | 0.76218 | <0.00001 | 0.77040 | <0.00001 |
23 | 0.03016 | 0.59419 | 0.67608 | <0.00001 | 0.65164 | <0.00001 |
24 | 0.27086 | 0.01928 | 0.59026 | 0.00003 | 0.81233 | <0.00001 |
25 | 0.01713 | 0.75846 | 0.74489 | <0.00001 | 0.71771 | <0.00001 |
Mean | 0.09596 | 0.72753 | 0.77101 |
Pillai scores and p-values for the vowel pairs involving unstressed schwa. Pairs with p-values below 0.001 are marked in boldface italics.
Speaker | fə_pə | ə_pə | ə_fə | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pillai score | p-value | Pillai score | p-value | Pillai score | p-value | |
1 | 0.62580 | 0.00275 | 0.58969 | 0.00477 | 0.81428 | <0.00001 |
2 | 0.07867 | 0.54088 | 0.55887 | 0.00216 | 0.40888 | 0.01146 |
3 | 0.09880 | 0.45830 | 0.61446 | 0.00127 | 0.23468 | 0.11769 |
4 | 0.00134 | 0.99201 | 0.47474 | 0.01522 | 0.63776 | 0.00082 |
5 | 0.27156 | 0.01011 | 0.36766 | 0.00163 | 0.37808 | 0.00031 |
6 | 0.02205 | 0.72379 | 0.21490 | 0.02654 | 0.55797 | <0.00001 |
7 | 0.37325 | 0.00291 | 0.25159 | 0.01730 | 0.06350 | 0.37376 |
8 | 0.50527 | 0.00005 | 0.30045 | 0.01642 | 0.70545 | <0.00001 |
9 | 0.28741 | 0.00620 | 0.08762 | 0.26456 | 0.17562 | 0.04550 |
10 | 0.23768 | 0.01706 | 0.28679 | 0.00744 | 0.14308 | 0.07244 |
11 | 0.24027 | 0.01621 | 0.68359 | <0.00001 | 0.64623 | <0.00001 |
12 | 0.07694 | 0.31319 | 0.32989 | 0.00368 | 0.21997 | 0.01465 |
13 | 0.04560 | 0.36662 | 0.15765 | 0.01933 | 0.35242 | <0.00001 |
14 | 0.11978 | 0.15725 | 0.20187 | 0.05333 | 0.15237 | 0.08377 |
15 | 0.13497 | 0.13135 | 0.50232 | 0.00003 | 0.26144 | 0.00497 |
16 | 0.01265 | 0.84749 | 0.21680 | 0.04714 | 0.37522 | 0.00138 |
17 | 0.34891 | 0.00305 | 0.35656 | 0.00167 | 0.46048 | 0.00004 |
18 | 0.00456 | 0.93807 | 0.03314 | 0.64528 | 0.05098 | 0.49343 |
19 | 0.06715 | 0.39127 | 0.22809 | 0.02058 | 0.25995 | 0.00809 |
20 | 0.23973 | 0.01246 | 0.26504 | 0.00986 | 0.20827 | 0.01679 |
21 | 0.07174 | 0.33977 | 0.05170 | 0.54312 | 0.04121 | 0.54321 |
22 | 0.20541 | 0.05034 | 0.48022 | 0.00005 | 0.60247 | <0.00001 |
23 | 0.09836 | 0.23468 | 0.10902 | 0.18754 | 0.33430 | 0.00149 |
24 | 0.00574 | 0.94134 | 0.20601 | 0.07045 | 0.36148 | 0.02208 |
25 | 0.20828 | 0.06065 | 0.25540 | 0.02506 | 0.03740 | 0.58643 |
Mean | 0.17528 | 0.31296 | 0.33934 |
Appendix D: Word-specific realisations averaged over speakers. Words for final unstressed schwas were not included, as they overlap too much with pretonic schwa and stressed schwa
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