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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter December 4, 2019

Modern noninvasive methods for monitoring glucose levels in patients: a review

  • Katarzyna Dziergowska , Magdalena Beata Łabowska , Marlena Gąsior-Głogowska , Barbara Kmiecik and Jerzy Detyna ORCID logo EMAIL logo

Abstract

This paper presents the current state of the art of noninvasive glucose monitoring. In recent years, we can observe constant increase in the incidence of diabetes. About 40% of all performed blood tests apply to the glucose tests. Formerly, this lifestyle disease occurred mainly in rich countries, but now it is becoming more common in poorer countries. It is related to the increase in life expectancy, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, and other factors. Untreated diabetes may cause many complications or even death. For this reason, daily control of glucose levels in people with this disorder is very important. Measurements with a traditional glucometer are connected with performing finger punctures several times a day, which is painful and uncomfortable for patients. Therefore, researches on other methods are ongoing. A method that would be fast, noninvasive and cheap could also enable testing the state of the entire population, which is necessary because of the number of people currently living with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. Although the first glucometer was made in 1966, the first studies on glucose level measurement in tear film were documented as early as 1937. This shows how much a noninvasive method of diabetes control is needed. Since then, there have been more and more studies on alternative methods of glucose measurement, not only from tear fluid, but also from saliva, sweat, or transdermally.

  1. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  2. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  3. Research funding: None declared.

  4. Employment or leadership: None declared.

  5. Honorarium: None declared.

  6. Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.

  7. Conflict of interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2019-10-13
Accepted: 2019-11-04
Published Online: 2019-12-04

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