Abstract
This paper investigated the influence of VR-entertainment systems on passenger and entertainment experience in vehicles with smooth movements. To simulate an autonomous driving scenario, a tablet and a mobile VR-HMD were evaluated in a dynamic driving simulator. Passenger, user and entertainment experience were measured through questionnaires based on comfort/discomfort, application perception, presence, and simulator sickness. In two experiments, two film sequences with varying formats (2D versus 3D) were presented. In Experiment 1, the established entertainment system (tablet + 2D) was tested against a possible future one (HMD + 3D). The results indicated a significantly more favorable experience for the VR-HMD application in the dimensions of user experience (UX) and presence, as well as low simulator sickness values. In Experiment 2, the film format was held constant (2D), and only the device (tablet versus HMD) was varied. There was a significant difference in all constructs, which points to a positive reception of the HMD. Additional analyses of the HMD device data for both experiments showed that the device and not the film format contributed to the favorable experience with the HMD. Additionally, the framework to evaluate the new application context of VR as an entertainment system in autonomous vehicles was discussed.
About the authors
Carolin Wienrich is Juniorprofessor for Human-Technique-Systems at the University of Wurzburg. She graduated in psychology at the University of Halle/Wittenberg. In 2015, she finished her PHD at the TU-Berlin. Her research interests focus on human-computer-interaction. Particularly, she is interested in the impact of technology on users’ perceptions, reactions, and social interactions. Furthermore, she also asks for the human impact on technology and how the cognitive, emotional, and social human nature influences technology development. Currently, she is fascinated by immersive technologies like virtual and augmented reality as well as devices like speech assistance systems which could be regarded as embodied artificial intelligence.
Kristina studied Psychology and Human Factors at the Technische Universitat in Berlin, Germany. During her studies, she worked on diverse research projects (e.g. medical, immersive VR and social psychology). In 2018 she moved her focus to IT and currently works in the finance sector. She also takes part in machine learning projects in the fields of finance and autonomous driving.
References
[1] Ahmadpour, N., Lindgaard, G., Robert, J.-M., & Pownall, B. (2014). The thematic structure of passenger comfort experience and its relationship to the context features in the aircraft cabin. Ergonomics, 57(6), 801–815.10.1080/00140139.2014.899632Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[2] Wienrich, C., Weidner, C., Schatto, C., Obremski, D., & Israel, H.J. (2018). A virtual nose as a rest-frame - the impact on simulator sickness and game experience. In IEEE (Ed.), Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-Games). IEEE.10.1109/VS-Games.2018.8493408Search in Google Scholar
[3] Wienrich, C., Noller, F., & Thüring, M. (2017). Design Principles for VR Interaction Models: An empirical Pilot Study. In R. Dörner, R. Kruse, B. Mohler, and R. Weller (Hrsg.). Virtuelle und erweiterte Realitäten. 14. Workshop der GI-Fachgruppe VR/AR (pp. 162–171).Search in Google Scholar
[4] Wienrich, C., Zachoszcz, M., Schlippe, M. v., & Packhäuser, R. (2017). Pilotstudie: Einsatz von mobilen VR-Anwendungen in gleichmäßig und ruhig bewegten Transportsystemen. In M. Burghardt, R. Wimmer, C. Wolff, & C. Womser-Hacker, (Hrsg.), Mensch und Computer 2017 - Workshopband. Regensburg: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.Search in Google Scholar
[5] Baños, R., Botella, C., Alcañiz, M., Liaño, V., Guerrero, B., & Rey, B. (2005). Immersion and Emotion: Their Impact on the Sense of Presence. Cyberpsychology & Behavior: The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society, 7, 734–741. 10.1089/cpb.2004.7.734.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[6] Baños, R. M., Botella, C., Rubió, I., Quero, S., García-Palacios, A., & Alcañiz, M. (2008). Presence and emotions in virtual environments: The influence of stereoscopy. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(1), 1–8.10.1089/cpb.2007.9936Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[7] Bastian, M. (2015). Deutsche Bank: Virtual Reality bis 2020 ein Milliardenmarkt. Retrieved from https://vrodo.de/deutsche-bank-virtual-reality-bis-2020-ein-milliardenmarkt/.Search in Google Scholar
[8] Bitkom: Bitkom Research. (2015). Welche Arten von Games spielen Sie? Retrieved from https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/315938/umfrage/umfrage-zu-den-bevorzugten-gaming-genres-in-deutschland/.Search in Google Scholar
[9] Bles, W., Bos, J. E., de Graaf, B., Groen, E., & Wertheim, A. H. (1998). Motion sickness: only one provocative conflict? Brain Research Bulletin, 47(5), 481–487.10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00115-4Search in Google Scholar
[10] Bles, W., & Wertheim, A. H. (2001). Appropriate use of virtual environments to minimise motion sickness.Search in Google Scholar
[11] British Standards Institution. (2010). BS EN ISO 9241-210:2010: Ergonomics of human-system interaction. Human-centred design for interactive systems.Search in Google Scholar
[12] CeBIT. (2017). Immer mehr Entwickler drängen auf den VR-Markt. Retrieved from http://www.cebit.de/de/news/artikel/immer-mehr-entwickler-draengen-auf-den-vr-markt-48585.xhtml.Search in Google Scholar
[13] Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.Search in Google Scholar
[14] Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Retrieved from http://gbv.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1192162.Search in Google Scholar
[15] Dörner, R., Broll, W., Grimm, P., & Jung, B. (2013). Virtual und Augmented Reality. Springer Verlag: Heidelberg.10.1007/978-3-642-28903-3Search in Google Scholar
[16] Endsley, M. R. (2016). Designing for Situation Awareness: An Approach to User-Centered Design, Second edition. CRC Press.10.1201/b11371Search in Google Scholar
[17] Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37(1), 32–64.10.1518/001872095779049543Search in Google Scholar
[18] Favreau, J. (2016). The Jungle Book: The Jungle Book. (Disney, Ed.).Search in Google Scholar
[19] Field, A., Miles, J., & Field, Z. (2013). Discovering statistics using R (Reprint). Los Angeles, Calif.: Sage.Search in Google Scholar
[20] Fonseca, D., & Kraus, M. (2016). A Comparison of Head-mounted and Hand-held Displays for 360° Videos with Focus on Attitude and Behavior Change. In Proceedings of the 20th International Academic Mindtrek Conference (pp. 287–296). New York, NY, USA: ACM. 10.1145/2994310.2994334.Search in Google Scholar
[21] Freeman, J., Avons, S. E., Davidoff, J., & Pearson, D. E. (1997). Effects of stereo and motion manipulations on measured presence in stereoscopic displays. Perception, 26(1_suppl), 144.10.1068/v970362Search in Google Scholar
[22] Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung. (2016). Genres nach unterschiedlichen Formaten: Der Home Video Markt 2015. Retrieved from http://www.bvv-medien.org/fileadmin/user_upload/businessreports/JWB2015.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
[23] Grünweg, T. (2017). Audi Aicon und Renault Symbioz: Aus Freude am Rumlümmeln. Retrieved January 30th 2019 from https://www.spiegel.de/auto/aktuell/audi-aicon-und-renault-symbioz-aus-freude-am-rumluemmeln-a-1167503.html.Search in Google Scholar
[24] Hassenzahl, M. (2007). The hedonic/pragmatic model of user experience. In E. Law, A. Vermeeren, M. Hassenzahl, & M. Blythe (Eds.), Towards a UX Manifesto - Proceedings of a cost294-affiliated workshop on HCI 2008 (pp. 10–14).Search in Google Scholar
[25] Hassenzahl, M., Burmester, M., & Koller, F. (2003). AttrakDiff: Ein Fragebogen zur Messung wahrgenommener hedonischer und pragmatischer Qualität. In G. Szwillus & J. Ziegler (Eds.), Mensch & Computer 2003 (Vol. 57, pp. 187–196). Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag.10.1007/978-3-322-80058-9_19Search in Google Scholar
[26] Hassenzahl, M., & Tractinsky, N. (2006). User experience - a research agenda. Behaviour & Information Technology, 25(2), 91–97. 10.1080/01449290500330331.Search in Google Scholar
[27] Helander, M. G., & Zhang, L. (1997). Field studies of comfort and discomfort in sitting. Ergonomics, 40(9), 895–915.10.1080/001401397187739Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[28] Hock, P., Benedikter, S., Gugenheimer, J., & Rukzio, E. (2017, May). CarVR: Enabling In-Car Virtual Reality Entertainment. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 4034–4044). ACM.10.1145/3025453.3025665Search in Google Scholar
[29] Hwang, A. D., & Peli, E. (2014). Instability of the perceived world while watching 3D stereoscopic imagery: A likely source of motion sickness symptoms. I-Perception, 5(6), 515–535. 10.1068/i0647.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[30] HTC VIVE (2016). Abgerufen a, 23. März, 2017, unter https://www.vive.com/us/summit/.Search in Google Scholar
[31] Jabalpurwala, N. (2011). Passenger Experience for Airlines: Evaluating experience drivers for Airline Passengers. Retrieved 5th May, 2014, from http://www.slideshare.net/najmuddin24/passenger-experience-for-airlines.Search in Google Scholar
[32] Kass, S. J., Cole, K. S., & Stanny, C. J. (2007). Effects of distraction and experience on situation awareness and simulated driving. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 10(4), 321–329.10.1016/j.trf.2006.12.002Search in Google Scholar
[33] Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E., Berbaum, K. S., & Lilienthal, M. G. (1993). Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An Enhanced Method for Quantifying Simulator Sickness. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 3(3), 203–220. 10.1207/s15327108ijap0303_3.Search in Google Scholar
[34] Keshavarz, B., & Hecht, H. (2011). Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness. Human Factors, 53(4), 415–426. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0018720811403736.10.1177/0018720811403736Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[35] Klimmt, C., & Vorderer, P. (2006). Media psychology “is not yet there”: Introducing theories on media entertainment to the presence debate. Media Psychology, 12(4).10.1162/105474603322391596Search in Google Scholar
[36] Knight, J. F., & Baber, C. (2005). A Tool to Assess the Comfort of Wearable Computers. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 47(1), 77–91. 10.1518/0018720053653875.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[37] Kolcaba, K. (1992). Holistic comfort: Operationalizing the construct as a nursesensitive outcome. Advances in Nursing Science, 15(1), 1–10.10.1097/00012272-199209000-00003Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[38] Kuze, J., & Ukai, K. (2008). Subjective evaluation of visual fatigue caused by motion images. Displays, 29(2), 159–166. 10.1016/j.displa.2007.09.007.Search in Google Scholar
[39] Law, E. L.-C., Roto, V., Hassenzahl, M., Vermeeren, A. P. O. S., & Kort, J. (2009). Understanding, scoping and defining user experience. In D. R. Olsen, R. B. Arthur, K. Hinckley, M. R. Morris, S. Hudson, & S. Greenberg (Eds.), the SIGCHI Conference. 10.1145/1518701.1518813.Search in Google Scholar
[40] Lewis, L. (2015, July 16). Investigating the ways in which virtual environments could influence aircraft passengers’ comfort and experiences. (doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham). Retrieved September 20, 2017, from http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31358/.Search in Google Scholar
[41] Lewis-Evans, B. (2015). Designing to minimize simulator sickness in VR. Game Developer Conference Europe. Cologne (August, 2015). http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1022772/Designing-to-Minimize-Simulation-Sickness.Search in Google Scholar
[42] Lin, J. J., Abi-Rached, H., & Lahav, M. (2004). Virtual guiding avatar: An effective procedure to reduce simulator sickness in virtual environments (pp. 719–726). ACM.10.1145/985692.985783Search in Google Scholar
[43] Ma, R., & Kaber, D. B. (2005). Situation awareness and workload in driving while using adaptive cruise control and a cell phone. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35(10), 939–953.10.1016/j.ergon.2005.04.002Search in Google Scholar
[44] McCarthy, J. C., & Wright, P. C. (2004). Technology as experience. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
[45] McGill, M., Ng, A., & Brewster, S. (2017). I Am The Passenger. In G. Mark, S. Fussell, C. Lampe, M. Schraefel, J. P. Hourcade, C. Appert, & D. Wigdor (Eds.), The 2017 CHI Conference (pp. 5655–5668). 10.1145/3025453.3026046.Search in Google Scholar
[46] Minge, M., Riedel, L., & Thüring, M. (2013). Und ob du wirklich richtig stehst … Zur diskriminativen Validität des User Experience Fragebogens “meCUE”. In S. Boll-Westermann, S. Maaß, & R. Malaka (Eds.), Mensch & Computer 2013 – Workshopband (Vol. 2013, pp. 137–144). München: Oldenbourg.10.1524/9783486781236.137Search in Google Scholar
[47] Myant, P., Abraham, R., & House, A. C. (2009). Research on the air-passenger experience at Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Manchester airports. O. International (Ed.), pp. 1–53.Search in Google Scholar
[48] Oatley, K. (1995). A taxonomy of the emotions of literary response and a theory of identification in fictional narrative. Poetics, 23(1-2), 53–74.10.1016/0304-422X(94)P4296-SSearch in Google Scholar
[49] Oculus VR (2015). Oculus Runtime for Windows. Abgerufen am 03. November, 2016, unter https://developer3.oculus.com/downloads/pc/0.8.0.0-beta/Oculus_Runtime_for_Windows/.Search in Google Scholar
[50] Patel, H., Lewis, L., Cobb, S., D’Cruz, M., Tedone,D., & Hakulinen, J. (2012). VRHYPERSPACE deliverable D1.1 Report of current scenarios& case definition. http://www.vr-hyperspace.eu/about-vrhyperspace/publicdocuments/deliverables/84-d1-1.Search in Google Scholar
[51] Quantas Airways. (2015). Visit Hamilton Island in 360° Virtual Reality with Qantas. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJype_TafRk.Search in Google Scholar
[52] Rasheed, Z., & Shah, M. (2002). Movie genre classification by exploiting audio-visual features of previews (Vol. 2, pp. 1086–1089). IEEE. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1048494/.Search in Google Scholar
[53] Reason, J. T., & Brand, J. J. (1975). Motion sickness. London: Acad. Press.Search in Google Scholar
[54] Richards, L. G., Jacobson, I. D., & Kuhlthau, A. R. (1978). What the passenger contributes to passenger comfort. Applied Ergonomics, 9(3), 137–142. doi: 10.1016/0003-6870(78)90003-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[55] Richter, J. (2014). Motion Cueing Algorithmen für die Absicherung von Fahrerassistenzsystemen (nicht veröffentlichte Bachelorarbeit). TU Berlin, Berlin.Search in Google Scholar
[56] Salas, E., and Dietz, A.S. (2011). Situational Awareness. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Search in Google Scholar
[57] Samsung. (2017). Galaxy S7. Retrieved from http://www.samsung.com/us/explore/galaxy-s7/.Search in Google Scholar
[58] Sapino, R., & Hoenisch, M. (2011). What is a Documentary Film: Discussion of the Genre (Seminarbericht). Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin.Search in Google Scholar
[59] Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., & Regenbrecht, H. (2001). The Experience of Presence: Factor Analytic Insights. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 10(3), 266–281.10.1162/105474601300343603Search in Google Scholar
[60] Slater, K. (1985). Human comfort. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A.: C.C. Thomas.Search in Google Scholar
[61] Slater, M. (1999). Measuring Presence: A Response to the Witmer and Singer Presence Questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 8(5), 560–565.10.1162/105474699566477Search in Google Scholar
[62] Slater, M., & Wilbur, S. (1997). A Framework for Immersive Virtual Environments (FIVE): Speculations on the Role of Presence in Virtual Environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(6), 603–616. 10.1162/pres.1997.6.6.603, http://www.spiegel.de/auto/aktuell/audi-aicon-und-renault-symbioz-aus-freude-am-rumluemmeln-a-1167503.html retrieved at September 20, 2017.Search in Google Scholar
[63] Solimini, A. G. (2013). Are there side effects to watching 3D movies? A prospective crossover observational study on visually induced motion sickness. PloS One, 8(2), e56160. 10.1371/journal.pone.0056160.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[64] Soyka, F., Kokkinara, E., Leyrer, M., Buelthoff, H., Slater, M., & Mohler, B. (2015). Turbulent motions cannot shake VR. In 2015 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR) (pp. 33–40). 10.1109/VR.2015.7223321.Search in Google Scholar
[65] Stanney, K. M., Mollaghasemi, M., Reeves, L., Breaux, R., & Graeber, D. A. (2003). Usability engineering of virtual environments (VEs): identifying multiple criteria that drive effective VE system design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58(4), 447–481.10.1016/S1071-5819(03)00015-6Search in Google Scholar
[66] Thüring, M., & Mahlke, S. (2007). Usability, aesthetics and emotions in human–technology interaction. International Journal of Psychology, 42(4), 253–264.10.1080/00207590701396674Search in Google Scholar
[67] Ujike, H., & Watanabe, H. (2011). Effects of stereoscopic presentation on visually induced motion sickness. In A. J. Woods, N. S. Holliman, & N. A. Dodgson (Eds.), IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging (p. 786314). SPIE. https://doi.org.Search in Google Scholar
[68] Usoh, M., Catena, E., Arman, S., & Slater, M. (2000). Using Presence Questionnaires in Reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9(5), 497–503.10.1162/105474600566989Search in Google Scholar
[69] VR-Hyperspace. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.vr-hyperspace.eu/.Search in Google Scholar
[70] Walch, M., Mühl, K., Kraus, J., Stoll, T., Baumann, M., & Weber, M. (2017). From Car-Driver-Handovers to Cooperative Interfaces: Visions for Driver–Vehicle Interaction in Automated Driving. In Automotive User Interfaces (pp. 273–294). Springer, Cham.10.1007/978-3-319-49448-7_10Search in Google Scholar
[71] Wirth, W., & Schramm, H. (2005). Media and emotions. Communication Research Trends, 24(3).Search in Google Scholar
[72] Young, K. L., Salmon, P. M., & Cornelissen, M. (2013). Missing links? The effects of distraction on driver situation awareness. Safety Science, 56, 36–43.10.1016/j.ssci.2012.11.004Search in Google Scholar
[73] Zhang, L., Helander, M. G., & Drury, C. G. (1996). Identifying factors of comfort and discomfort in sitting. Human Factors, 38(3), 377–389.10.1518/001872096778701962Search in Google Scholar
[74] Zillmann, D. (1995). Mechanisms of emotional involvement with drama. Poetics, 23(1-2), 33–51.10.1016/0304-422X(94)00020-7Search in Google Scholar
[75] Zillmann, D., & Vorderer, P. (Eds.). (2000). Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.10.4324/9781410604811Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
