Abstract
In the post-Moore era, the development of active phased array antennas will inevitably trend towards active array microsystems. In this paper, the characteristics and composition of the active array antenna are briefly described. Owing to the high efficiency, low profile, and light weight of the active array microsystems, the application prospects and advantages in the engineering of multi-functional airborne radar, spaceborne radar, and communication systems are analyzed. Moreover, according to the characteristics of the post-Moore era of integrated circuits, scientific and technological problems in the active array microsystems are presented, including multi-scale, multi-signal, and multi-physics field coupling. The challenges are also discussed, such as new architectures and algorithms, miniaturization of passive components, novel materials and processes, ultra-wideband technology, and new interdisciplinary technological applications. This paper is expected to inspire in-depth research on active array microsystems.
摘要
后摩尔时代,有源相控阵天线必然向有源阵列微系统发展。本文简述了有源阵列天线的特点和组成;围绕有源阵列微系统的高效率、低剖面和轻量化等特点,分析了在机载多功能雷达、航天雷达和通信系统等工程方面的应用前景和优势;针对集成电路后摩尔时代的特点,提出了有源阵列微系统多尺度、多信号和多物理场等耦合科学技术问题;分析讨论了天线阵列微系统所涉及的新型架构和算法、无源器件微型化、新型材料与工艺、超宽带技术、跨领域新技术应用等挑战,为有源阵列微系统深入研究奠定基础。
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Babakhani A, Guan X, Komijani A, et al., 2006. A 77-GHz phased-array transceiver with on-chip antennas in silicon: receiver and antennas. IEEE J Sol-State Circ, 41(12): 2795–2806. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2006.884811
Baggen L, Holzwarth S, Boettcher M, et al., 2006. Advances in phased array technology. Proc 3rd European Radar Conf, p.87–91. https://doi.org/10.1109/EURAD.2006.280280
Baggen L, Böttcher M, Otto S, et al., 2013. Phased array technology by IMST: a comprehensive overview. Proc IEEE Int Symp on Phased Array Systems and Technology, p.21–28. https://doi.org/10.1109/ARRAY.2013.6731795
Bahl IJ, 2009. Fundamentals of RF and Microwave Transistor Amplifiers. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, USA, p.295–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470462348
Beer S, Gulan H, Rusch C, et al., 2012. Coplanar 122-GHz antenna array with air cavity reflector for integration in plastic packages. IEEE Antenn Wirel Propag Lett, 11:160–163. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2012.2186783
Charlish A, Woodbridge K, Griffiths H, 2015. Phased array radar resource management using continuous double auction. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 51(3):2212–2224. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2015.130558
Cho MK, Yoon SH, Sim S, et al., 2012. CMOS-based bidirectional T/R chipsets for phased array antenna. Proc IEEE/MTT-S Int Microwave Symp Digest, p.1–3. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSYM.2012.6259562
Doane JP, Sertel K, Volakis JL, 2013. A wideband, wide scanning tightly coupled dipole array with integrated balun (TCDA-IB). IEEE Trans Antenn Propag, 61(9):4538–4548. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2013.2267199
Fang J, Guan W, Zhang XL, 2018. An UWB wide-angle scan dual-polarization array antenna. J Microw, 34(S1):138–140 (in Chinese).
Fei C, Yang YC, Li Q, et al., 2018. Shielding technique for planar matrix transformers to suppress common-mode EMI noise and improve efficiency. IEEE Trans Ind Electron, 65(2):1263–1272. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2017.2733473
Fischer A, Tong ZQ, Hamidipour A, et al., 2014. 77-GHz multichannel radar transceiver with antenna in package. IEEE Trans Antenn Propag, 62(3):1386–1394. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2013.2294206
Ghosh R, Joshi Y, 2014. Proper orthogonal decomposition-based modeling framework for improving spatial resolution of measured temperature data. IEEE Trans Compon Packag Manuf Technol, 4(5):848–858. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCPMT.2013.2291791
Gupta KC, Hall PS, 2000. Analysis and Design of Integrated Circuit-Antenna Modules. Wiley, New York, USA.
Han QH, Pan MH, Zhang WC, et al., 2018. Time resource management of OAR based on fuzzy logic priority for multiple target tracking. J Syst Eng Electron, 29(4):742–755. https://doi.org/10.21629/JSEE.2018.04.09
Hannachi C, Djerafi T, Tatu SO, 2018. Broadband E-band WR12 to microstrip line transition using a ridge structure on high-permittivity thin-film material. IEEE Microw Wirel Compon Lett, 28(7):552–554. https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2018.2835475
Hansen RC, 2003. Current induced on a wire: implications for connected arrays. IEEE Antenn Wirel Propag Lett, 2:288–289. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2003.822199
Hansen RC, 2004. Linear connected arrays. IEEE Antenn Wirel Propag Lett, 3:154–156. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2004.832125
Herd JS, Conway MD, 2016. The evolution to modern phased array architectures. Proc IEEE, 104(3):519–529. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2015.2494879
Holland SS, Vouvakis MN, 2012. The planar ultrawideband modular antenna (PUMA) array. IEEE Trans Antenn Propag, 60(1):130–140. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2011.2167916
Huang HC, Lu JG, 2021. Evolution of innovative 5G millimeter-wave antenna designs integrating non-millimeter-wave antenna functions based on antenna-in-package (AiP) solution to cellular phones. IEEE Access, 9:72516–72523. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3077309
Huang HC, Lu JG, 2022. Retrospect and prospect on integrations of millimeter-wave antennas and non-millimeter-wave antennas to mobile phones. IEEE Access, 10:48904–48912. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3172321
Iwamoto N, Yuen MMF, Fan HB, 2012. Molecular Modeling and Multiscaling Issues for Electronic Material Applications. Springer, New York, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1728-6
Jeauneau V, Barbaresco F, Guenais T, 2014. Radar tasks scheduling for a multifunction phased array radar with hard time constraint and priority. Proc Int Radar Conf, p.1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2014.7060250
Jia WK, Helenbrook BT, Cheng MC, 2016. Fast thermal simulation of FinFET circuits based on a multiblock reduced-order model. IEEE Trans Comput-Aided Des Integr Circ Syst, 35(7):1114–1124. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2015.2501305
Kapat S, 2017. Parameter-insensitive mixed-signal hysteresis-band current control for point-of-load converters with fixed frequency and robust stability. IEEE Trans Power Electron, 32(7):5760–5770. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2016.2608913
Langley JDS, Hall PS, Newham P, 1996. Balanced antipodal Vivaldi antenna for wide bandwidth phased arrays. IEE Proc-Microw Antenn Propag, 143(2):97–102. https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-map:19960260
Lau JH, Li M, Li QM, et al., 2018. Fan-out wafer-level packaging for heterogeneous integration. IEEE Trans Compon Packag Manuf Technol, 8(9):1544–1560. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCPMT.2018.2848649
Le Coq M, Rius E, Favennec JF, et al., 2015. Miniaturized C-band SIW filters using high-permittivity ceramic substrates. IEEE Trans Compon Packag Manuf Technol, 5(5):620–626. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCPMT.2015.2422613
Li H, Zhan CC, Zhang N, 2018. A fully on-chip digitally assisted LDO regulator with improved regulation and transient responses. IEEE Trans Circ Syst I Reg Papers, 65(11):4027–4034. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2018.2851514
Logan JT, Kindt RW, Lee MY, et al., 2018. A new class of planar ultrawideband modular antenna arrays with improved bandwidth. IEEE Trans Antenn Propag, 66(2):692–701. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2017.2780878
Lu JG, 2001. Research on a rectangular cavity crossed slot antenna. J Microw, 17(1):1–6 (in Chinese).
Lu JG, 2015. The technique challenges and realization of spaceborne digital array SAR. Proc 5th Asia-Pacific Conf on Synthetic Aperture Radar, p. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/APSAR.2015.7306140
Lu JG, 2017. Design Technology of Synthetic Aperture Radar. National Defense Industry Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
Lu JG, 2019. Design Techniques of Synthetic Aperture Radar. Wiley-IEEE Press, Hoboken, USA.
Lu JG, Wang Y, 2020. From active phased array antenna to antenna array microsystem in post-Moore era. Sci Sin Inform, 50(7):1091–1109 (in Chinese).
Lu JG, Wu MQ, Chen SQ, et al., 2000. A calibration method of phased array radar based on FFT. Chin J Radio Sci, 15(2): 221–224 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.13443/j.cjors.2000.02.020
Lu JG, Wang W, Qi MQ, 2013. Grating lobes suppression in phased array antenna for space-borne SAR applications. J Microw, 29(5–6):135–138 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.14183/j.cnki.1005-6122.2013.z1.025
Lu JG, Zhong XL, Chen RY, 2015. Very-high-resolution space-borne spotlight SAR imaging with the “stop-and-go” assumption invalid. Radar Sci Technol, 13(5):449–456 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2015.05.001
Lu JG, Zhang HT, Wang W, et al., 2019. Broadband dual-polarized waveguide slot filtenna array with low cross polarization and high efficiency. IEEE Trans Antenn Propag, 67(1):151–159. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2018.2876174
Lu JG, Wang W, Lu XP, et al., 2020. Research on three matching problems in waveguide slot antenna. Radar Sci Technol, 18(2):115–123 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-2337.2020.02.001
Lu JG, Wang W, Wang XL, 2021. Active Array Antenna for High Resolution Microwave Imaging Radar. National Defense Industry Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
Lu JG, Zhang HT, Wang W, et al., 2022. An efficient technique to realize low-profile dual-band multi-polarized shared-aperture slot antenna array. Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng, 32(12):e23458. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.23458
Monier-Vinard E, Rogie B, Bissuel V, et al., 2017. State of the art of thermal characterization of electronic components using computational fluid dynamic tools. Int J Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow, 27(11):2433–2450. https://doi.org/10.1108/HFF-10-2016-0380
Moulder WF, Sertel K, Volakis JL, 2013. Ultrawideband superstrate-enhanced substrate-loaded array with integrated feed. IEEE Trans Antenn Propag, 61(11):5802–5807. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2013.2280001
Munk B, Taylor R, Durharn T, et al., 2003. A low-profile broadband phased array antenna. Proc IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symp, p.448–451. https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.2003.1219272
Nishikawa I, Ueno M, Ishizuka Y, et al., 2006. Dynamic characteristics of pulse rate control of a POL converter. Proc 28th Int Telecommunications Energy Conf, p.1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2006.251629
Novak MH, Miranda FA, Volakis JL, 2018. Ultra-wideband phased array for millimeter-wave ISM and 5G bands, realized in PCB. IEEE Trans Antenn Propag, 66(12):6930–6938. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2018.2872177
Qian JW, Zhu HR, Tang M, et al., 2021. A 24 GHz microstrip comb array antenna with high sidelobe suppression for radar sensor. IEEE Antenn Wirel Propag Lett, 20(7):1220–1224. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2021.3075887
Reiskarimian N, Zhou J, Krishnaswamy H, 2017. A CMOS passive LPTV nonmagnetic circulator and its application in a full-duplex receiver. IEEE J Sol-State Circ, 52(5): 1358–1372. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2017.2647924
Sabharwal A, Schniter P, Guo DN, et al., 2014. In-band full-duplex wireless: challenges and opportunities. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 32(9):1637–1652. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2014.2330193
Shen W, Zhu HR, 2020. Vertically stacked trisection SIW filter with controllable transmission zeros. IEEE Microw Wirel Compon Lett, 30(3):237–240. https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2020.2969560
Shin J, Schaubert DH, 1999. A parameter study of stripline-fed Vivaldi notch-antenna arrays. IEEE Trans Antenn Propag, 47(5):879–886. https://doi.org/10.1109/8.774151
Singh S, Kukal T, 2020. LTCC PoP technology-based novel approach for mm-wave 5G system for next generation communication system. Proc 70th Electronic Components and Technology Conf, p.1973–1978. https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC32862.2020.00307
Syed WH, Neto A, 2013. Front-to-back ratio enhancement of planar printed antennas by means of artificial dielectric layers. IEEE Trans Antenn Propag, 61(11):5408–5416. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2013.2275915
Tang J, Lee J, Roh J, 2019. Low-power fast-transient capacitor-less LDO regulator with high slew-rate class-AB amplifier. IEEE Trans Circ Syst II Exp Briefs, 66(3):462–466. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2018.2865254
Zhang KC, Guliani A, Ogrenci-Memik S, et al., 2018. Machine learning-based temperature prediction for runtime thermal management across system components. IEEE Trans Parall Distrib Syst, 29(2):405–419. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2017.2732951
Zheng YY, Sheng WX, 2017. Compact lumped-element LTCC bandpass filter for low-loss VHF-band applications. IEEE Microw Wirel Compon Lett, 27(12):1074–1076. https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2017.2754338
Zhu HR, Mao JF, 2013. Localized planar EBG structure of CSRR for ultrawideband SSN mitigation and signal integrity improvement in mixed-signal systems. IEEE Trans Compon PackagManuf Technol, 3(12):2092–2100. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCPMT.2013.2272788
Zhu HR, Wang J, 2023a. Miniaturized, ultrawideband and low insertion loss Ku-band GaAs on-chip limiter by improved π-type topology with capacitive loading. IEEE Trans Electron Dey, 70(3):971–978. https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2023.3239056
Zhu HR, Wang WT, 2023b. High selectivity millimeter-wave on-chip band-pass filter with semi-lumped dual-mode resonator by using GaAs technology. IEEE Electron Dey Lett, 44(5):729–732. https://doi.org/10.1109/LED.2023.3254459
Zhu HR, Li JJ, Mao JF, 2013. Ultra-wideband suppression of SSN using localized topology with CSRRs and embedded capacitance in high-speed circuits. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Techn, 61(2):764–772. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2012.2231695
Zhu HR, Sun YF, Wu XL, 2018. A compact tapered EBG structure with sharp selectivity and wide stopband by using CSRR. IEEE Microw Wirel Compon Lett, 28(9):771–773. https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2018.2853583
Zhu HR, Sun YF, Huang ZX, et al., 2019. A compact EBG structure with etching spiral slots for ultrawideband simultaneous switching noise mitigation in mixed signal systems. IEEE Trans Compon Packag Manuf Technol, 9(8): 1559–1567. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCPMT.2018.2888512
Zhu HR, Ning XY, Huang ZX, et al., 2021a. Miniaturized, ultra-wideband and high isolation single pole double throw switch by using π-type topology in GaAs pHEMT technology. IEEE Trans Circ Syst II Exp Briefs, 68(1):191–195. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2020.3001171
Zhu HR, Zhao YL, Lu JG, 2021b. A novel vertical wire-bonding compensation structure adaptively modeled and optimized with GRNN and GA methods for system in package. IEEE TransElectromagn Compat, 63(6):2082–2092. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2021.3064853
Zhu HR, Li K, Lu JG, et al., 2022. Millimeter-wave active integrated semielliptic CPW slot antenna with ultrawideband compensation of ball grid array interconnection. IEEE Trans Compon Packag Manuf Technol, 12(1): 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCPMT.2021.3125738
Zhu HR, Wang J, Tang M, 2023. Compact, high power capacity, and low insertion loss millimeter-wave on-chip limiting filter with GaAs PIN technology. IEEE Trans Circ Syst I Reg Papers, 70(3):1175–1188. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2022.3228125
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Jiaguo LU designed the research. Jiaguo LU and Haoran ZHU processed the data. Haoran ZHU drafted the paper. Jiaguo LU helped organize the paper. Jiaguo LU and Haoran ZHU revised and finalized the paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Both authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 92373115), the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province, China (No. 2308085MF193), the Major Natural Science Project of Anhui Provincial Education Department, China (No. KJ2021ZD0003), the Key Research and Development Project of Anhui Province, China (No. 2023n06020026), and the Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Anhui Province, China (No. Z020118060)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lu, J., Zhu, H. Engineering applications and technical challenges of active array microsystems. Front Inform Technol Electron Eng 25, 342–368 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.2300401
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.2300401
Key words
- Microelectronics
- Heterogeneous integration
- Packaging materials
- Antenna array microsystems
- Multi-functional radar
- Communication