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Near-field communications: characteristics, technologies, and engineering

近场通信: 基础特性、关键技术与工程化应用

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  • Published: 05 February 2025
  • Volume 25, pages 1580–1626, (2024)
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Near-field communications: characteristics, technologies, and engineering
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  • Yajun Zhao  (赵亚军)  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8823-52821,2,
  • Linglong Dai  (戴凌龙)  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4250-73153,
  • Jianhua Zhang  (张建华)  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6492-38464,
  • Ran Ji  (季然)5,
  • Mengnan Jian  (菅梦楠)1,2,
  • Hao Xue  (薛皓)6,7,
  • Hongkang Yu  (禹宏康)1,2,
  • Yunqi Sun  (孙韵淇)1,2,
  • Yu Lu  (陆宇)3,
  • Zidong Wu  (吴梓栋)3,
  • Zhuo Xu  (徐卓)3,
  • Jinke Li  (李金珂)3,
  • Haiyang Miao  (缪海烊)4,
  • Zhiqiang Yuan  (袁志强)4,
  • Pan Tang  (唐盼)4,
  • Jiayu Shen  (沈嘉宇)5,
  • Tierui Gong  (宫铁瑞)5,
  • Haixia Liu  (刘海霞)6,7,
  • Jiaqi Han  (韩家奇)6,7,
  • Qiang Feng  (冯强)6,7,
  • Zhi Chen  (陈智)8,
  • Lingxiang Li  (李玲香)8,
  • Gang Yang  (杨刚)8,
  • Yong Zeng  (曾勇)9,10,
  • Cunhua Pan  (潘存华)9,
  • Wang Liu  (刘望)9,
  • Kangda Zhi  (支康达)11,
  • Weidong Hu  (胡伟东)12,
  • Yuanwei Liu  (刘元玮)13,
  • Xidong Mu  (慕熹东)14,
  • Chau Yuen  (严超)15,
  • Mérouane Debbah16,
  • Chongwen Huang  (黄崇文)  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-84375,
  • Long Li  (李龙)  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0472-73146,7 &
  • …
  • Ping Zhang  (张平)  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1485-58494 

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Abstract

Near-field technology is increasingly recognized due to its transformative potential in communication systems, establishing it as a critical enabler for sixth-generation (6G) telecommunication development. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of recent advancements in near-field technology research. First, we explore the near-field propagation fundamentals by detailing definitions, transmission characteristics, and performance analysis. Next, we investigate various near-field channel models—deterministic, stochastic, and electromagnetic information theory based models, and review the latest progress in near-field channel testing, highlighting practical performance and limitations. With evolving channel models, traditional mechanisms such as channel estimation, beamtraining, and codebook design require redesign and optimization to align with near-field propagation characteristics. We then introduce innovative beam designs enabled by near-field technologies, focusing on non-diffractive beams (such as Bessel and Airy) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams, addressing both hardware architectures and signal processing frameworks, showcasing their revolutionary potential in near-field communication systems. Additionally, we highlight progress in both engineering and standardization, covering the primary 6G spectrum allocation, enabling technologies for near-field propagation, and network deployment strategies. Finally, we conclude by identifying promising future research directions for near-field technology development that could significantly impact system design. This comprehensive review provides a detailed understanding of the current state and potential of near-field technologies.

摘要

近场技术因其对通信系统的变革性潜力而日益受到认可, 成为推动第六代(6G)系统发展的关键技术。本文全面综述了近场技术研究的最新进展。首先, 深入探讨了近场传播的基本原理, 详细阐述了其定义、传输特性和性能分析。接着, 研究了各种近场信道模型, 包括确定性模型、随机性模型和基于电磁信息理论的模型, 并回顾了近场信道测试的最新进展, 重点介绍了实际性能及其局限性。随着信道模型的不断发展, 传统的信道估计、波束训练、码本设计等机制需要重新设计和优化, 以适应近场传播特性。随后, 介绍了近场技术所支持的新型波束设计, 重点讨论了非衍射波束(如贝塞尔波束和艾里波束)和轨道角动量(OAM)波束, 同时涉及硬件架构和信号处理框架, 展示了它们在近场通信系统中的革命性潜力。此外, 强调了工程和标准化方面的进展, 涵盖了6G的主要频谱分配、支持近场传播的关键技术以及网络部署策略。最后, 总结了近场技术发展的未来研究方向, 这些方向有望对系统设计产生重大影响。这篇综述文章提供了对近场技术当前状态和未来潜力的深入理解。

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Yajun Zhao  (赵亚军), Mengnan Jian  (菅梦楠), Hongkang Yu  (禹宏康) & Yunqi Sun  (孙韵淇)

  2. ZTE Corporation, Beijing, 100192, China

    Yajun Zhao  (赵亚军), Mengnan Jian  (菅梦楠), Hongkang Yu  (禹宏康) & Yunqi Sun  (孙韵淇)

  3. Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Linglong Dai  (戴凌龙), Yu Lu  (陆宇), Zidong Wu  (吴梓栋), Zhuo Xu  (徐卓) & Jinke Li  (李金珂)

  4. State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China

    Jianhua Zhang  (张建华), Haiyang Miao  (缪海烊), Zhiqiang Yuan  (袁志强), Pan Tang  (唐盼) & Ping Zhang  (张平)

  5. College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007, China

    Ran Ji  (季然), Jiayu Shen  (沈嘉宇), Tierui Gong  (宫铁瑞) & Chongwen Huang  (黄崇文)

  6. Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China

    Hao Xue  (薛皓), Haixia Liu  (刘海霞), Jiaqi Han  (韩家奇), Qiang Feng  (冯强) & Long Li  (李龙)

  7. Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China

    Hao Xue  (薛皓), Haixia Liu  (刘海霞), Jiaqi Han  (韩家奇), Qiang Feng  (冯强) & Long Li  (李龙)

  8. National Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China

    Zhi Chen  (陈智), Lingxiang Li  (李玲香) & Gang Yang  (杨刚)

  9. National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China

    Yong Zeng  (曾勇), Cunhua Pan  (潘存华) & Wang Liu  (刘望)

  10. Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China

    Yong Zeng  (曾勇)

  11. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, 10623, Germany

    Kangda Zhi  (支康达)

  12. School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China

    Weidong Hu  (胡伟东)

  13. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Yuanwei Liu  (刘元玮)

  14. Centre for Wireless Innovation (CWI), School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT3 9DT, UK

    Xidong Mu  (慕熹东)

  15. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore

    Chau Yuen  (严超)

  16. KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Mérouane Debbah

Authors
  1. Yajun Zhao  (赵亚军)
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  2. Linglong Dai  (戴凌龙)
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  9. Yu Lu  (陆宇)
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  14. Zhiqiang Yuan  (袁志强)
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  15. Pan Tang  (唐盼)
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  16. Jiayu Shen  (沈嘉宇)
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  17. Tierui Gong  (宫铁瑞)
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  18. Haixia Liu  (刘海霞)
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  19. Jiaqi Han  (韩家奇)
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  20. Qiang Feng  (冯强)
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  21. Zhi Chen  (陈智)
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  22. Lingxiang Li  (李玲香)
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  23. Gang Yang  (杨刚)
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  24. Yong Zeng  (曾勇)
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  25. Cunhua Pan  (潘存华)
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  26. Wang Liu  (刘望)
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  27. Kangda Zhi  (支康达)
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  28. Weidong Hu  (胡伟东)
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  29. Yuanwei Liu  (刘元玮)
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  30. Xidong Mu  (慕熹东)
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  31. Chau Yuen  (严超)
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  32. Mérouane Debbah
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  33. Chongwen Huang  (黄崇文)
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  34. Long Li  (李龙)
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  35. Ping Zhang  (张平)
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Contributions

Yajun ZHAO initialized the project. All the authors drafted and revised the paper.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Linglong Dai  (戴凌龙), Jianhua Zhang  (张建华), Chongwen Huang  (黄崇文), Long Li  (李龙) or Ping Zhang  (张平).

Ethics declarations

Yajun ZHAO and Linglong DAI are executive lead editors of this special issue. Jianhua ZHANG, Zhi CHEN, Yuanwei LIU, Chongwen HUANG, and Long LI are guest editors of this special issue. Ping ZHANG is the editor-in-chief of this special issue. Also, Jianhua ZHANG, Chau YUEN, and Ping ZHANG are executive associate editor-in-chief, editorial board member, and associate editor-in-chief of Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, respectively. They were not involved with the peer review process of this paper. All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (No. 2022JJ40561), the Scientific Research Program of National University of Defense Technology, China (No. ZK22-46), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61890542, 62001481, and 62071475)

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Cite this article

Zhao, Y., Dai, L., Zhang, J. et al. Near-field communications: characteristics, technologies, and engineering. Front Inform Technol Electron Eng 25, 1580–1626 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.2400576

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  • Received: 08 July 2024

  • Accepted: 25 October 2024

  • Published: 05 February 2025

  • Issue Date: December 2024

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.2400576

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Key words

  • 6G
  • Near-field technology
  • Channel model
  • Codebook
  • Non-diffractive beams
  • Orbital angular momentum
  • Engineering and standardization

关键词

  • 6G
  • 近场技术
  • 信道模型
  • 码本
  • 非衍射波束
  • 轨道角动量
  • 工程与标准化

CLC number

  • TN929.5
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