Bachmann, in [2] shows how certain ordinals <Ω(Ω = Ω1 where Ωξ is the (1 + ξ)th infinite initial ordinal) may be described from below using suitable descriptions of ordinals <Ω2. The aim of this paper is to consider another approach to describing ordinal <Ω and compare it with the Bachmann method. Our approach will use functionals of transfinite type based on Ω.

The Bachmann method consists in denning a hierarchy of normal functions ϕδ: Ω → Ω (i.e. continuous and strictly increasing) for δ ≤ η0 < Ω2, starting with ϕ0(λ) = ω1 + λ. The definition of depends on a suitable description of the ordinals ≤ η0. This is obtained by defining a hierarchy 〈Fδ ∣ δ ≤ Ω2〉 of normal functions Fδ: Ω2 → Ω2 analogously to the definition of the initial segment 〈ϕδ ∣ δ ≤ Ω〉 of . The ordinal η0 is .

Note. Our description of Bachmann's hierarchies will differ slightly from those in Bachmann's paper. Let and denote the hierarchies in [2]. Then as Bachmann's normal functions are not defined at 0 we let for λ, δ < Ω2. Bachmann defines for 0 < λ < Ω2 but it seems more natural to omit this so that we let . The situation is analogous for and leads to the following definitions:

where n < ω and ξ is a limit number of cofinality Ω, and