Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Improved PWM-Based Sinewave Generation: Example of the Impedance Measurement

  • Published:
Automatic Control and Computer Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Using the pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a very convenient and efficient way to generate the approximation of the AC, in the simplest case sinewaves in the embedded test & measurement solutions. Partly, because the on-chip PWM modulator is available in most of the microcontroller and DSP chips. In the current paper improved (compared with conventional PWM) implementation of the binary waveforms is proposed. The idea is based first on the conversion of the desired AC (e.g., sinewave) to quantize in the amplitude domain waveform, to be further converted to the binary pulses with a duty cycle, corresponding to each quantization level. Such an approach is described and analyzed, with several examples of the implementation and application for impedance measurement solutions. The results show the significant improvements of the approximated binary signals both in the frequency and time domain, by optional simple low- or bandpass filtering of the binary signal, over classical PWM, while still preserving simplicity (e.g., number of needed binary signal segments) of the generated waveforms (e.g., compared with delta-sigma bitstreams). The beneficial usage of the proposed approach for the impedance measurement applications is described, as well as to generate excitation waveforms, as well as to be used as reference waveforms for synchronous demodulation of the response signal. It is shown, that for the frequency range of 10 to 70 kHz total harmonic distortion below 2.5% can be achieved by the proposed improved PWM solution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.

REFERENCES

  1. Min, M., Märtens, O., and Parve, T., Lock-in measurement of bio-impedance variations, Measurement, 2000, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0263-2241(99)00048-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Priidel, E., Annus, P., Metshein, M., Land, R., Martens, O., and Min, M., Lock-in integration for detection of tiny bioimpedance variations, 2018 16th Biennial Baltic Electronics Conf. (BEC), Tallinn, 2018, IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/bec.2018.8600965

  3. Fefer, D., Drnovsek, J., and Jeglic, A., Comparative analysis of digital sinewave generation methods, 1993 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conf., Irvine, Calif., 1993, IEEE, 1993, pp. 668–669. https://doi.org/10.1109/imtc.1993.382560

  4. Wakabayashi, K., Yamada, T., Uemori, S., Kobayashi, O., Kato, K., Kobayashi, H., Niitsu, K., Miyashita, H., Kishigami, S., Rikino, K., Yano, Yu., and Gake, T., Low-distortion single-tone and two-tone sinewave generation algorithms using an arbitrary waveform generator, 2011 IEEE 17th Int. Mixed-Signals, Sensors and Systems Test Workshop, Santa Barbara, Calif., 2011, IEEE, 2011, pp. 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1109/ims3tw.2011.17

  5. Liu, J., Yao, W., Lu, Zh., and Xu, X., Design and implementation of DSP based high-frequency SPWM generator, IEEE 8th Int. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conf. (IPEMC-ECCE Asia), Hefei, 2016, 2016, pp. 597–602.

  6. Adam, T., Ajtonyi, I., and Toth, F., High precision AC/AC power supply unit based on DSP controlled PWM inverter, Proc. Power Conversion Conf.-Osaka 2002 (Cat. No.02TH8579), Osaka, 2002, IEEE, 2002, vol. 3, pp. 1166–1169. https://doi.org/10.1109/pcc.2002.998137

  7. Floros, A.C. and Mourjopoulos, J.N., A novel and efficient PCM to PWM converter for digital audio amplifiers, ICECS’99. Proc. ICECS ’99. 6th IEEE Int. Conf. on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (Cat. No.99EX357), Paphos, Cyprus, 1999, IEEE, 1999, vol. 1, no. 357, pp. 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.1999.812249

  8. Aase, S., Digital removal of pulse-width-modulation-induced distortion in class-D audio amplifiers, IET Signal Process., 2014, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 680–692. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-spr.2013.0383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gao, K., Cui, Z., Xia, Z., and Wang, H., Phase sensitive detector for multi-electrode electromagnetic flowmeter, 2021 IEEE Int. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conf. (I2MTC), Glasgow, 2021, IEEE, 2021, pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/I2MTC50364.2021.9459973

  10. Halonen, S., Kari, J., Ahonen, P., Kronström, K., and Hyttinen, J., Real-time bioimpedance-based biopsy needle can identify tissue type with high spatial accuracy, Ann. Biomed. Eng., 2019, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 836–851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-018-02187-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Martinsen, Ø.G. and Grimnes, S., Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics, Amsterdam: Academic, 2014, 3rd ed.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Chabchoub, S. and Mansouri, S., Impedance cardiography: Recent applications and developments, Biomed. Res., 2018, vol. 29, no. 19. https://doi.org/10.4066/biomedicalresearch.29-17-3479

  13. García-Martín, J., Gómez-Gil, J., and Vázquez-Sánchez, E., Non-destructive techniques based on eddy current testing, Sensors, 2011, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 2525–2565. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Min, M., Ojarand, J., Martens, O., Paavle, T., Land, R., Annus, P., Rist, M., Reidla, M., and Parve, T., Binary signals in impedance spectroscopy, 2012 Annu. Int. Conf. of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, San Diego, Calif., IEEE, 2012, pp. 134–137. https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6345889

  15. Rist, M., Reidla, M., Min, M., Parve, T., Martens, O., and Land, R., TMS320F28069-based impedance spectroscopy with binary excitation, 2012 5th Eur. DSP Education and Research Conf. (EDERC), Amsterdam, 2012, IEEE, 2012, pp. 217–220. https://doi.org/10.1109/ederc.2012.6532258

  16. Martens, O., Land, R., Min, M., Annus, P., Rist, M., and Reidla, M., Improved impedance analyzer with binary excitation signals, 2015 IEEE 9th Int. Symp. on Intelligent Signal Processing (WISP) Proc., Siena, Italy, 2015, IEEE, 2015, pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/wisp.2015.7139156

  17. Martens, O., Precise mixed signal synchronous detector with spectrally improved binary switching, 2009 IEEE Int. Symp. on Intelligent Signal Processing, Budapest, 2009, IEEE, 2009, pp. 77–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/wisp.2009.5286575

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by EU Regional Development Fund (Estonian Centre of Excellence in ICT Research EXCITE TAR16013), CHIST-ERA grant JEDAI, Estonian Research Council (grant PRG1483), Mobilitas+ project Mobera20.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

    A. Abdullayev, P. Annus, A. Krivošei, M. Metshein, O. Märtens & M. Rist

Authors
  1. A. Abdullayev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. Annus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Krivošei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. Metshein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. O. Märtens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. M. Rist
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Abdullayev.

Ethics declarations

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abdullayev, A., Annus, P., Krivošei, A. et al. Improved PWM-Based Sinewave Generation: Example of the Impedance Measurement. Aut. Control Comp. Sci. 57, 449–458 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3103/S0146411623050024

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0146411623050024

Keywords:

Search

Navigation