C. W. Johnson
ABSTRACT
The collapse of buildings, such as terminal 2E at Paris' Charles de Gaule Airport, and of fires, such as the Rhode Island, Station Night Club tragedy, has focused public attention on the safety of large public buildings. Initiatives in the United States and in Europe have led to the development of interactive simulators that model evacuation from these buildings. The tools avoid some of the ethical and legal problems from simulating evacuations; many people were injured during the 1993 evacuation of the World Trade Center (WTC) complex. They also use many concepts that originate within the CHI communities. For instance, some simulators use simple task models to represent the occupants' goal structures as they search for an available exit. However, the recent release of the report from the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (the '9/11 commission') has posed serious questions about the design and use of this particular class of interactive systems. This paper argues that simulation research needs to draw on insights from the CHI communities in order to meet some the challenges identified by the 9/11 commission.
- UK Atomic Energy Authority, A Technical Summary of the AEA Egress Code, AET/NOIL/27812001/002(2), Issue 1, Warrington UK, 2002.Google Scholar
- W. Baker, J. Barnett, C. Marrion, J. Milke and H. Nelson, Chapter 2: WTC1 and WTC2. In Federal Emergency Management Agency, WTC Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations and Recommendations. Washington D.C., 2002.Google Scholar
- M. Batty, J. Desyllas, and E. Duxbury. Safety in Numbers? Modeling Crowds and Designing Control for the Notting Hill Carnival. Urban Studies, (40)8:1573--1590, 2003.Google ScholarCross Ref
- UK Building Research Establishment, Evacuation Modeling: GridFlow and CRISP, Watford, UK, 2004. Available on: http://www.bre.co.uk/frs/Google Scholar
- P.J. Camp, J.M. Hudson, R.B. Keldorph, S. Lewis and E.D. Mynatt, Supporting communication and collaboration practices in safety-critical situations. ACM CHI 2000, v.2:249--250, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J.M. Carroll, Making Use: Scenario-Based Design of Human-Computer Interactions. MIT Press, Boston, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J.M. Carroll, R.L. Mack, S.P. Robertson and M.B. Rosson, Binding Objects to Scenarios of Use. Int. Journal of Human-Computer Studies, (41)1:243--276, 1994. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H.H. Clark and S.E. Brennan. Grounding in communication. In L. B. Resnick, J. M. Levine, and S. D. Teasley, editors, Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition, pages 127--149. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 1991.Google ScholarCross Ref
- K.H. Drager, G. Lovas, J. Wiklund, H. Soma, D. Duong, A. Violas and V. Laneres, EVACSIM - A comprehensive evacuation simulation tool. In Proc. of the 1992 Emergency Management and Engineering Conf., Soc. for Computer Simulation, Orlando, Florida, 101--108, 1992.Google Scholar
- G. Fischer, A.C. Lemke, T. Mastaglio and A. I. Morch, Critiquing in Cooperative Problem Solving. ACM Trans on Information Systems, (9)2:123--151, 1991. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S.R. Fussell, R. E. Kraut, F.J.Lerch, W.L. Scherlis, M.M. McNally and J.J. Cadiz (1998). Coordination, overload and team performance. In Proc. of ACM CSCW'98, Seattle, Washington, 275--284, 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Goldenstein, M. Karavelas, D. Metaxas, L. Guibas, E. Aaron and A. Goswami, Scalable nonlinear dynamical systems for agent steering and crowd simulation. Computers & Graphics (25)6:983--998, 2001.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Grudin, Groupware and Social Dynamics, Comms. of the ACM, (37)1:93--105, 1994. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Haynes and S. Sen, Cases to Resolve Conflicts and Improve Group Behavior. Int. Journal of Human-Computer Studies, (48)1:31--49, 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B.D. Jacobs and P. Hart, Disaster at Hillsborough stadium. In D.J. Parker & J.W. Handmer (eds.), Hazard Management and Emergency Planning, James & James Science, London, 1992.Google Scholar
- N. Latman, TCPP Personality Profile, In 4th Triennial International Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference, Parque das Natoes, Lisbon, Portugal, 2004.Google Scholar
- D. Laurillard, Interactive Media, Ellis Horwood, London, UK, 1987.Google Scholar
- W.E. Mackay, Users and Customizable Software: A Co-Adaptive Phenomenon, MIT, 1990.Google Scholar
- M. Mantei, R.M. Baecker, A. Sellen, W.A.S. Buxton, and T. Milligan, Experiences in the Use of Media Spaces. ACM CHI 1991, 203--208, 1991. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H.A. Murray, Explorations in Personality, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1938.Google Scholar
- B.A. Nardi, Context and Consciousness: Activity Theory and HCI, MIT Press, Boston, 1996. Google ScholarDigital Library
- US National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 9/11 Commission Report, Washington DC, 2004. Available on: http://www.9-11commission.gov.Google Scholar
- P.A. Thompson and E.W. Marchant, Computer and fluid modeling of evacuation. Safety Science, (18)277--289, 1995.Google Scholar
- K.D. Wu and L.A. Clark, Relations between personality traits and self-reports of daily behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, (37)231--256, 2003.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Applying the lessons of the attack on the world trade center, 11th September 2001, to the design and use of interactive evacuation simulations
Recommendations
Safety of ships' evacuation from tsunami: survey unit of the Great East Japan earthquake
The Great East Japan Earthquake occurred at 14:46 h on Friday, 11 March 2011. It was the most powerful known earthquake to have hit Japan, and one of the five most powerful earthquakes overall in the world since modern record-keeping began in 1900. The ...
Lessons from the evacuation of the world trade centre, 9/11 2001 for the development of computer-based simulations
This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in evacuation simulations. These interactive computer based tools have been developed to help the owners and designers of large public buildings to assess the risks that occupants might face during emergency ...
Russian Active Measures and September 11, 2001: Nostradamus Themed Disinformation?
The early English-language promoters of Nostradamus Orson Welles and Erika Cheetham had strong Leftist-Marxist connections including ties to the Cambridge 5 spy ring. Nostradamus was the top search anomaly of Sept 11, 2001. Interest was driven by a ...
Comments