Article

Scheduling of embedded time-triggered systems

Authors:

András Balogh,

András Pataricza,

Judit RáczAuthors Info & Claims

EFTS '07: Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Engineering fault tolerant systems

Pages 8 - es

https://doi.org/10.1145/1316550.1316558

Published: 04 September 2007 Publication History

Abstract

Distributed system composition is the main trend in creating safety-critical (SC) real-time systems like automotive, aerospace, and industrial control systems. Their growing complexity (e.g. tens of control units in a modern car) led to an integrated architecture concept [7]. It supports the sharing of hardware resources between different sub-applications for the sake of cost reduction, but still keeps the overall system safety by properly isolating jobs from each other.

Validation and certification of SC sytems are a key problem. They are especially hard, if not impossible at all, if the behavior of the system is non-deterministic. The time triggered (TT) paradigm (such as TTP/C [14] and FlexRay [4]) uses a strictly deterministic, static, design time generated schedule for both the computation jobs in the processing nodes and the internode communication tasks.

Current tools create the intranode job and interjob communication allocation and scheduling in two distinct steps in order to reduce the total computational complexity to a feasible level. However, this separation of the two design steps despite their strong mutual influence may result in sub-optimal resource utilization, thus additional costs.

The rapid growth in the computational power commonly available to the designer justifies re-visiting the potential of single phased global optimization. The recent paper introduces a novel approach calculating resource allocation and task schedules in a single step by using a standard mixed integer linear programming (MILP) solver covering extra-functional requirements as well. At first, optimization is used to explore the boundaries of the design space from the points of view of cost, throughput, robustness and extensibility. Subsequently, the designer can formulate his priorities between these, frequently contradicting goals by creating a weighted objective funtion. Optimization is accelerated by heuristic lower and upper estimates.

References

[1]

TTTech AG. TTTech company website. http://www.tttech.com/.

[2]

A. Balogh and D. Varró. Advanced model transformation language constructs in the VIATRA2 framework. In ACM Symp. on Applied Computing --- Model Transformation Track (SAC 2006), 2006.

Digital Library

[3]

A. Balogh, G. Varró, D. Varró, and A. Pataricza. Model-based optimization of enterprise application and service deployment. In M. Malek, E. Nett, and N. Suri, eds., Second International Service Availability Symposium, ISAS 2005, volume 3694 of LNCS, pages 84--98. Springer, 2005.

Digital Library

[4]

Flexray Consortium. Flexray protocol information portal, http://www.flexray.com/.

[5]

DECOS. Dependable components and systems, an eu framework 6 integrated project, http://www.decos.at/.

[6]

Mentor Graphics. Volcano network design tools homepage. http://www.mentor.com/products/vnd/.

[7]

H. Kopetz, R. Obermaisser, P. Peti and N. Suri. From a federated to an integrated architecture for real-time embedded systems. Technical report, TU Wien, 2004.

[8]

I. Majzik P. Domokos and M. Magyar. Tool-supported dependability evaluation of redundant architectures in computer based control systems. In Proc. FORMS/FORMAT 2007, the 6th Symposium on Formal Methods for Automation and Safety in Railway and Automotive Systems, pages 342--352, January 2007.

[9]

ILOG. Ilog opl studio. http://www.ilog.com/products/oplstudio/.

[10]

L. Almeida, J. A. Fonseca. P. Fonseca Flexible time-triggered communication on a controller area networ. In Presented at the WiP session of RTSSŠ98, December 1998.

[11]

G. L. Nemhauser and L. A. Wolsey. Intger and Combinatorial Optimization. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1988.

Digital Library

[12]

P. Pop, P. Eles. Z. Peng. Scheduling with optimized communication for time-triggered embeddedsystems, in (CODES '99) Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign, 1999., pages 178--182, March 1999.

Digital Library

[13]

R. S. Kaplan. D. P. Norton. The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action. Harvard Business School Press, 1996.

[14]

S. Poledna, G. Kroiss. The time-triggered communication protocol TTP/C. Real-Time Magazine, 4:98--101, 1998.

[15]

K. Schild and J. Würtz. Scheduling of time-triggered real-time systems. Constraints, 5(4):335--357, Oct. 2000.

Digital Library

[16]

Gy. Csertán, Shariful Islam and W. Herzner. Multi variable optimization approach for SW-HW integration. In IEEE High Assurance Systems Engineering Conference(HASE2005), Heidelberg, Germany, pages 178--182, October 2005.

Cited By

Jiang XHuang KZhang XYan RWang KXiong DYan X(2018)Energy-Efficient Scheduling of Periodic Applications on Safety-Critical Time-Triggered Multiprocessor SystemsElectronics10.3390/electronics70600987:6(98)Online publication date: 19-Jun-2018
https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7060098
Islam SSuri NBalogh ACsertán GPataricza A(2018)An optimization based design for integrated dependable real-time embedded systemsDesign Automation for Embedded Systems10.1007/s10617-009-9041-713:4(245-285)Online publication date: 19-Dec-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s10617-009-9041-7
Wisniewski LWendt VJasperneite JDiedrich C(2016)Scheduling of PROFINET IRT communication in redundant network topologies2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496530(1-4)Online publication date: May-2016
https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496530
Show More Cited By

Recommendations

THE RTSC: MIGRATING EVENT-TRIGGERED SYSTEMS TO TIME-TRIGGERED SYSTEMS

In this paper, we present a prototype of the Real-Time Systems Compiler (RTSC). The RTSC is a compiler-based tool that enables the migration from event-triggered to time-triggered real-time systems. This is achieved by replacing the real-time systems ...
JAMS-SG: A Framework for Jitter-Aware Message Scheduling for Time-Triggered Automotive Networks

Time-triggered automotive networks use time-triggered protocols (FlexRay, TTEthernet, etc.) for periodic message transmissions that often originate from safety and time-critical applications. One of the major challenges with time-triggered transmissions ...
Schedulability issues for EDZL scheduling on real-time multiprocessor systems

EDZL (Earliest Deadline first until Zero Laxity) is an efficient and practical scheduling algorithm on multiprocessor systems. It has a comparable number of context switch to EDF (Earliest Deadline First) and its schedulable utilization seems to be ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

EFTS '07: Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Engineering fault tolerant systems

September 2007

62 pages

ISBN:9781595937254

DOI:10.1145/1316550

Program Chairs:
Nicolas Guelfi
University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
,
Henry Muccini
University of L'Aquila, Italy
,
Patrizio Pelliccione
University of L'Aquila, Italy
,
Alexander Romanovsky
University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Copyright © 2007 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

SIGSOFT: ACM Special Interest Group on Software Engineering

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 04 September 2007

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Article

Conference

ESEC/FSE07

Sponsor:

SIGSOFT

ESEC/FSE07: Joint 11th European Software Engineering Conference 2007

September 4, 2007

Dubrovnik, Croatia

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

5
Total Citations
View Citations
256
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)4
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1

Reflects downloads up to 03 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Jiang XHuang KZhang XYan RWang KXiong DYan X(2018)Energy-Efficient Scheduling of Periodic Applications on Safety-Critical Time-Triggered Multiprocessor SystemsElectronics10.3390/electronics70600987:6(98)Online publication date: 19-Jun-2018
https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7060098
Islam SSuri NBalogh ACsertán GPataricza A(2018)An optimization based design for integrated dependable real-time embedded systemsDesign Automation for Embedded Systems10.1007/s10617-009-9041-713:4(245-285)Online publication date: 19-Dec-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s10617-009-9041-7
Wisniewski LWendt VJasperneite JDiedrich C(2016)Scheduling of PROFINET IRT communication in redundant network topologies2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496530(1-4)Online publication date: May-2016
https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496530
Al-Makhawi WObermaisser R(2015)Minimizing revalidation and recertification in evolutionary embedded systems2015 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)10.1109/WFCS.2015.7160545(1-8)Online publication date: May-2015
https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2015.7160545
Sakurai KBokor PSuri N(2008)Aiding Modular Design and Verification of Safety-Critical Time-Triggered Systems by Use of Executable Formal SpecificationsProceedings of the 2008 11th IEEE High Assurance Systems Engineering Symposium10.1109/HASE.2008.45(261-270)Online publication date: 3-Dec-2008
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/HASE.2008.45

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Table of Conten