ABSTRACT
Non-invasive method of delivering selected drugs to the target site for certain dental procedures is an emerging area in biomedical engineering and this paper summarizes the authors' research work in designing a portable drug pump for certain dental procedures. The system has been designed taking into consideration the target sites which are situated in the buccal cavity. The system has a disposable pump head, housed in the tip of the applicator containing a drug transport system for transporting the required drug to the applicator head. The discrete drug head contains embedded electrodes which are energized using an inbuilt stimulator of the applicator. This system has the advantage of transporting selected drugs in required doses to the drug holding cell and has the capacity to transport certain hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs to the target site. The system has been designed mainly to provide local analgesic dose to the target site as a prelude for many dental procedures.
- Blanton PL, Jeske AH; ADA Council on Scientific Affairs; ADA Division of Science. Avoiding complications in local anesthesia induction: anatomical considerations. J Am Dent Assoc 2003; 134:888--893.Google Scholar
- Dr. Sean G. Boynes, Dental anesthesiology: A 2006 guide to the rules and regulations of the fifty united states and the district of Columbia, Pittsburgh, PA 15220, 2006Google Scholar
- Geojy Mathew, Sandip B. Tiwari, Design and Development of a Versatile Battery Operated Portable Iontophoretic Module for Application, Clinical Medicine in Medical Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures, Narosa Publishing House, 2000, p.497, 499, 500Google Scholar
- Haas DA, Carmichael FJ. Local anesthetics. 6th ed. In: Roschlau WHE, Kalant H, editors. Principles of medical pharmacology. New York: Oxford; 1998. p. 293--302.Google Scholar
- Haas DA. Drugs in dentistry. In: Compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties (CPS). 37th ed. Canadian Pharmaceutical Association; 2002. p. L26--L29.Google Scholar
- Jastak JT, Yagiela JA, Donaldson D. Local anesthesia of the oral cavity. 1st ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1995.Google Scholar
- John Low, Ann Reed, Electrotherapy Explained, Butter Worth, Heine Mann, 1990, 59--60Google Scholar
- Malamed SF. Handbook of local anesthesia. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1997.Google Scholar
- Meechan JG. Why does local anaesthesia not work everytime?, Dent Update 2005; 32:66--68, 70--72.Google Scholar
- Melzack R. Folk Medicine and the sensory modulation of pain. In: Wall PD and Melzack R. Eds Textbook of Pain. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1994; 1209--1217.Google Scholar
- Melzack R. From the gate to the neuromatrix. Pain. 1999 Aug; Suppl 6:S121--6. Review. PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965 Nov 19; 150(699): 971--9. Review PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Phipps, J. B., Gyory, J. R., 1992: "Transdermal Ion Migration", Adv. Drug. Del. Rev., 12, p. 751--755.Google Scholar
- Ravichandran S, Narayanan UH and Sujatha UN (1988), 'Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Pain Management', Proc. 1988 10th Annual International IEEE/EMBS Conference, New Orleans, USA.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ravichandran S and Raghu Arvind (1989), 'Iontophoresis -- A Tool in Therapy', Proc. 1989 Medical Extensions of Electronic Technology, MEET 89, Sponsored by SMLRT and IEE London (Madras Chapter), India.Google Scholar
- Ravichandran S (1989), 'Iontophoretic Approach in Therapy', Proc. 1989 IX and X Annual Conference of Indian Association of Bio-medical Scientists, Madras Medical College, Madras, India.Google Scholar
- Ravichandran S and Prasad G. N. S. (1991b), 'Electrode Array System in Electrokinesy: A Difference Technique in Therapy', Pro 1991, 13th Annual International IEEE/EMBS Conf. Orlando, Forida, Vol.13, pp0934--0935Google Scholar
- Ravichandran S and Prasad G. N. S. (1992), 'Advances In Electrokinesy With Macro Electrode Array System', Pro 1991, 14th Annual International IEEE/EMBS Conf. Paris, France, Vol.14, pp2320--2321Google Scholar
- Ravichandran S and Prasad G. N. S. (1994), 'Modelling and Control of Therapeutic System Using Assumption Based Truth Maintenance System', Proc. 1994 IFAC Symposium, Galveston Texas, U.S.A., pp.406--407.Google Scholar
- Ravichandran. S and Prianka Rajan, 'Computerised Automated Drug Delivery System (CADDS). A Promising Tool In Transdermal Drug Delivery.'. proceedings of the '10th International Conference On Biomedical Engineering, Singapore, December 2000'Google Scholar
- Roberts DH, Sowray JH. Local analgesia in dentistry. 3rd edn. Bristol: Wright, 1987.Google Scholar
- Rosted P. The use of acupuncture in dentistry: a systematic review. Acupuncture-Medicine, 1998, 16(1): 43--48.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Skidmore RA, Patterson JD, Tomsick RS. Local anesthetics. Dermatol Surg. 1996 Jun; 22(6): 511 22; quiz 523--4. Review. PubMedGoogle Scholar
- S Ravichandran, Ng Weili, Lam Hwei Hwei, Yuan Ran Dong, Hong Ka Lic, Lee Chia Yin, Lim Shi Yi Darren, Wu Lie Quan, 'Dedicated controllers for sensor embedded electrode architecture of non-invasive drug delivery system', proceedings of the 'IEEE EMBS Asian-Pacific Conference on Biomedical Engineering 2003, Nara, Japan.'Google Scholar
- Strichartz GR, Ritchie JM. The action of local anesthetics on ion channels of excitable tissues. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol.81. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1987.Google Scholar
- Subbaraman Ravichandran, Senthil Kumar, Tan Chew Stephanie, Muhammad Zaid Bin Amir, Siti Zubaidah Bt Mohd Akhbar, Naatasha Bt Isahak, Nur Liyana Bte Amrun, 'Modeling therapeutic protocols for non-invasive heparin delivery in the management of subcutaneous microvasculature lesions.', proceedings of 'The First International SBE Conference on Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ICBN 2004, Biopolis, Singapore.'Google Scholar
- Subbaraman Ravichandran, Senthil Kumar, Tan Chew Stephanie, Muhammad Zaid Bin Amir, Siti Zubaidah Bt Mohd Akhbar, Naatasha Bt Isahak, Nur Liyana Bte Amrun, 'Augmenting "Multilayer Drug Delivery Cells" for Phonophoretic drug delivery procedures using programmable controllers.', proceedings of 'The First International SBE Conference on Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ICBN 2004, Biopolis, Singapore.'Google Scholar
- Subbaraman Ravichandran, 'Modeling and control of Sensor Embedded Drug Delivery Cells (SEDDC) for long term non invasive drug delivery.', proceedings of 'The First International SBE Conference on Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ICBN 2004, Biopolis, Singapore.'Google Scholar
- Subbaraman Ravic handran, 'Advances in the development of Sensor Embedded Drug Delivery Cells (SEDDC) for long term drug delivery.', proceedings of 'The First International SBE Conference on Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ICBN 2004, Biopolis, Singapore.'Google Scholar
- Subbaraman Ravichandran, Senthil Kumar, Tan Chew Stephanie, Muhammad Zaid Bin Amir, Siti Zubaidah Bt Mohd Akhbar, Naatasha Bt Isahak, Nur Liyana Bte Amrun, 'Modeling of non-invasive heparin delivery system in the management of peripheral vascular lesions.', proceedings of '6th Asian-Pacific Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering(APCMBE2005), Tsukuba, Japan.'Google Scholar
- Sung YF et al. Comparison of the effects of acupuncture and codeine on postoperative dental pain. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 1977, 56:473--478.Google Scholar
- United States Pharmacopeial Drug Information Index. 22nd ed. Greenwood Village (Colorado): Micromedex; 2002.Google Scholar
- Yagiela JA. Local anesthetics. In: Yagiela JA, Neidle EA, Dowd FJ, editors. Pharmacology and therapeutics for dentistry. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1998. p. 217--34.Google Scholar
- Yagiela JA. Local anesthetics. In: Dionne RA, Phero JC, Becker DE, editors. Pain and anxiety control in dentistry. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 2002. p. 78--96.Google Scholar
- Yap/Ho, Electronic and local anesthesia: A clinical comparison for operative procedures, Quintessence International, Volume 27, Issue 8, 549--554, 1996Google Scholar
Recommendations
Numerical modeling of a novel degradable drug delivery system with microholes
Based on UV-LIGA technology, a novel drug delivery microsystem is proposed to eliminate the time lag in initial drug release. With proper microholes in bonding membrane, the drug release rate can be controlled at a stable level in the whole release ...
Modelling and receptor-based virtual screening studies of GPR139
GPR139 belongs to Class A of GPCRs family and plays key role in molecular signalling through activation of receptors and promotes exchange of Guanosine Di-phosphate GDP to Guanosine Tri-phosphate GTP. GPR139 is specifically involved in neuropeptide ...
Comments