Leandro Motta Barros
Soraia Raupp Musse
Abstract
Interactive storytelling (IS) systems are an emerging class of interactive entertainment applications with an emphasis on narrative aspects. One of the approaches used to develop IS applications is based on planning algorithms. This article describes two mechanisms that can be introduced to planning-based IS in order to solve two problems that are inherent in this approach. The first is a technique to control the pace at which a story evolves, so that the story that is generated follows a specific tension arc. The second is a method that makes it possible to avoid dead-ends in a story by intervening to justify previous events. These mechanisms help to produce a more enjoyable user experience, since their use tends to result in stories with higher narrative consistency. Results from experiments with users suggest that the proposed mechanisms improve both of the aspects addressed by this article.
- Bal, M. 1997. Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ont.Google Scholar
- Barros, L. M. and Musse, S. R. 2005. Introducing narrative principles into planning-based interactive storytelling. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology (ACE 2005), ACM, New York, 35--42. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Barros, L. M. and Musse, S. R. 2007. Improving narrative consistency in planning-based interactive storytelling. In Proceedings of the Third Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference (AIIDE 07).Google Scholar
- Charles, F., Lozano, M., Mead, S. J., Bisquerra, A. F., and Cavazza, M. 2003. Planning formalisms and authoring in interactive storytelling. In Proceedings of TIDSE '03: Technologies for Interactive Digital Storytelling and Entertainment.Google Scholar
- Crawford, C. 2004. Chris Crawford on Interactive Storytelling. New Riders Games, Indianapolis, IN. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Glassner, A. 2004. Interactive Storytelling: Techniques for 21st Century Fiction. AK Peters. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hoffmann, J. 2003. The Metric-FF planning system: Translating “ignoring delete lists” to numeric state variables. J. AI Research 20, 291--341. Special issue on the Third International Planning Competition. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lebowitz, M. 1985. Story-telling as planning and learning. Poetics 14, 483--502.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Magerko, B. 2005. Mediating the tension between plot and interaction. In Imagina 2005.Google Scholar
- Mateas, M. and Stern, A. 2003. Façade: An experiment in building a fully-realized interactive drama. In Game Developers Conference, Game Design track.Google Scholar
- Murray, J. H. 1997. Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace. Free Press, New York. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Riedl, M. O., Saretto, C. J., and Young, R. M. 2003. Managing interaction between users and agents in a multi-agent storytelling environment. In Proceedings of the AAMAS'03: The Second International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Russell, S. and Norvig, P. 2002. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tobias, R. B. 1993. 20 Master Plots: And How to Build Them. Writer's Digest Books, Cincinnati, OH.Google Scholar
- Zagalo, N., Barker, A., and Branco, V. 2004. Story reaction structures to emotion detection. In Proceedings of the SRMC'04, ACM Multimedia 2004 Workshop on Story Representation, Mechanism, Context, 33--38. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Towards consistency in interactive storytelling: Tension arcs and dead-ends
Recommendations
Applying planning to interactive storytelling: Narrative control using state constraints
We have seen ten years of the application of AI planning to the problem of narrative generation in Interactive Storytelling (IS). In that time planning has emerged as the dominant technology and has featured in a number of prototype systems. ...
Introducing narrative principles into planning-based interactive storytelling
ACE '05: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in computer entertainment technologyThere is a growing interest for interactive computational systems with emphasis in dramatic and narrative aspects, for artistic and entertainment applications. Interactive Storytelling (IS) is the research area that intends to allow the use of ...
The experience of interactive storytelling: comparing “fahrenheit” with “façade”
ICEC'11: Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Entertainment ComputingAt the intersection of multimedia, artificial intelligence, and gaming technology, new visions of future entertainment media arise that approximate the “Holodeck” ® idea of interactive storytelling. We report exploratory experiments on the user ...
Comments