research-article

Fountain codes and their application to broadcasting in underwater networks: performance modeling and relevant tradeoffs

Authors:

Michele ZorziAuthors Info & Claims

WUWNet '08: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Underwater Networks

Pages 11 - 18

https://doi.org/10.1145/1410107.1410111

Published: 15 September 2008 Publication History

Abstract

Our aim in this paper is to study the performance of broadcasting algorithms for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs). The targeted scenario is very simple; we consider a source (the initiator of the broadcast transmission) and a number of nodes randomly placed within a given geographical area. For an efficient broadcast transmission we advocate the use of a hybrid ARQ scheme, where Fountain Codes (FC) are exploited to enhance the efficiency of the data dissemination process in the face of poor and possibly unknown channel conditions. FC codes, being rateless, are in fact able to adapt to diverse error rates and correct packet losses on the fly through the transmission of additional redundancy packets. The main contribution of this paper is a mathematical model to characterize the performance of fountain codes as applied to broadcasting in underwater networks. Our analysis allows us to find performance metrics such as transmission delay, reliability (e.g., percentage of covered users) and power consumption. Relevant tradeoffs are highlighted and quantified; in particular the implications of transmission power on covered distance, rate and delay are discussed. Even though we do not propose a practical broadcasting protocol here, the results and tradeoffs we obtain are essential to a proper design of practical schemes.

References

[1]

B. Peleato and M. Stojanovic, "A MAC protocol for ad hoc underwater acoustic sensor networks," in Proc. ACM WUWNet, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Sep. 2006, pp. 113--115.

Digital Library

[2]

M. K. Park and V. Rodoplu, "UWAN-MAC: an energy-efficient MAC protocol for underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 32, pp. 710--720, Jul. 2007.

[3]

A. Syed, W. Ye, and J. Heidemann, "Medium Access Control for Underwater Acoustic Networks," in Proc. ACM WUWNet, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Sep. 2006, work-in-progress paper.

[4]

P. Xie and J.-H. Cui, "SDRT: a reliable data transport protocol for underwater sensor networks," UCONN CSE, Tech. Rep. UbiNet-TR06-03, Feb. 2006.

[5]

D. Pompili, T. Melodia, and I. F. Akyildiz, "Routing algorithms for delay-insensitive and delay-sensitive applications in underwater sensor networks," in Proc. ACM MobiCom, Los Angeles, CA, Sep. 2006, pp. 298--309.

Digital Library

[6]

P. Casari and A. F. Harris III, "Energy-efficient Reliable Broadcast in Underwater Acoustic Networks," in Proc. ACM WUWNet, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Sep. 2007.

Digital Library

[7]

P. Casari and M. Rossi and M. Zorzi, "Towards Optimal Broadcasting Policies for HARQ based on Fountain Codes in Underwater Networks," in Proc. IEEE/IFIP WONS, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, Jan. 2008.

[8]

D. J. C. MacKay, "Fountain Codes," IEE Proceedings - Communications, vol. 152, no. 6, pp. 1062--1068, 2005.

[9]

M. Stojanovic, "On the relationship between capacity and distance in an underwater acoustic communication channel," ACM Mobile Comput. and Commun. Review, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 34--43, Oct. 2007.

Digital Library

[10]

D. B. Kilfoyle and A. B. Baggeroer, "The state of the art in underwater acoustic telemetry," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 4--27, Jan. 2000.

[11]

M. Feder and J. A. Catipovic, "Algorithms for joint channel estimation and data recovery-application to equalization in underwater communications," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 42--55, Jan. 1991.

[12]

W. Qian and J. A. Ritcey, "Spatial diversity equalization applied to underwater communications," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 227--241, Apr. 1994.

[13]

M. Stojanovic, "Recent advances in high-speed underwater acoustic communications," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 125--136, Apr. 1996.

[14]

M. Stojanovic, "Retrofocusing techniques for high rate acoustic communications," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 1173--1185, Mar. 2005.

[15]

I. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, and T. Melodia, "Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges," Elsevier's Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 3, no. 3, 2005.

[16]

E. M. Sozer, M. Stojanovic, and J. G. Proakis, "Underwater acoustic networks," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 72--83, Jan. 2000.

[17]

M. Molins and M. Stojanovic, "Slotted FAMA: a MAC Protocol for underwater acoustic networks," in Proc. MST/IEEE Oceans, Singapore, Sep. 2006.

[18]

X. Guo, M. Frater, and M. Ryan, "A propagation-delay-tolerant collision avoidance protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks," in Proc. MST/IEEE Oceans, Singapore, Sep. 2006.

[19]

A. F. Harris III, M. Stojanovic and M. Zorzi, "When underwater acoustic nodes should sleep with one eye open: idle-time power management in underwater sensor networks," in Proc. ACM WUWNet, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Sep. 2006, pp. 105--108.

Digital Library

[20]

P. Casari, S. Marella, and M. Zorzi, "A comparison of multiple access techniques in clustered underwater acoustic networks," in Proc. IEEE/OES Oceans, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, Jun. 2007.

[21]

K. B. Kredo II and P. Mohapatra, "A hybrid medium access control protocol for underwater wireless networks," in Proc. ACM WUWNet, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Sep. 2007.

Digital Library

[22]

M. Stojanovic, "Optimization of a data link protocol for an underwater acoustic channel," in Proc. MTS/IEEE Oceans, Washington, D.C., USA, June 2005.

[23]

A. F. Harris III, D. G. B. Meneghetti, and M. Zorzi, "Maximizing channel utilization for underwater acoustic links," in Proc. IEEE/OES Oceans, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, Jun. 2007.

[24]

A. F. Harris III and M. Zorzi, "Energy-efficient routing protocol design considerations for underwater networks," in Proc. IEEE SECON, San Diego, CA, USA, Jun. 2007.

[25]

M. Luby, "LT Codes," in The 43rd Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, Nov. 2002.

Digital Library

[26]

M. Rossi, G. Zanca, L. Stabellini, R. Crepaldi, A. F. Harris III, and M. Zorzi, "SYNAPSE: A Network Reprogramming Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks using Fountain Codes," in Proc. IEEE SECON, San Francisco, CA, Jun. 2008.

Cited By

Touzene A(2021)Energy efficient broadcast protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor NetworksCCF Transactions on Networking10.1007/s42045-021-00049-y3:3-4(1-10)Online publication date: 2-Aug-2021
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42045-021-00049-y
Yildiz H(2019)Maximization of Underwater Sensor Networks Lifetime via Fountain CodesIEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics10.1109/TII.2019.289286615:8(4602-4613)Online publication date: Aug-2019
https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2019.2892866
Jiang S(2018)On Reliable Data Transfer in Underwater Acoustic Networks: A Survey From Networking PerspectiveIEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials10.1109/COMST.2018.279396420:2(1036-1055)Online publication date: Oct-2019
https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2793964
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Fountain codes and their application to broadcasting in underwater networks: performance modeling and relevant tradeoffs
1. Networks
  1. Network architectures
  2. Network protocols

Recommendations

Trapping sets of fountain codes

The remarkable results of Fountain codes over the binary erasure channel (BEC) have motivated research on their practical implementation over noisy channels. Trapping sets are a phenomenon of great practical importance for certain graph codes on noisy ...
Fountain codes over fading relay channels

This paper discusses cooperative protocols based on fountain codes in a relay network. Unlike traditional fixed-rate codes, fountain codes are capable of adapting the bit rate to the channel realization blindly, i.e., without channel information at the ...
Towards Fountain Codes

Fountain codes are a new class of codes originally designed for robust and scalable transmission of data over lossy computer networks. Binary Fountain codes such as Luby transform codes are a class of erasure codes which have demonstrated an asymptotic ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

WUWNet '08: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Underwater Networks

September 2008

110 pages

ISBN:9781605581859

DOI:10.1145/1410107

General Chair:
Milica Stojanovic
MIT/WHOI
,
Program Chairs:
Phil Schniter
The Ohio State University
,
Wei Ye
University of Southern California

Copyright © 2008 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 15 September 2008

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Conference

MobiCom08

Sponsor:

MobiCom08: Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking

September 15, 2008

California, San Francisco, USA

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 84 of 180 submissions, 47%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

24
Total Citations
View Citations
448
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)4
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1

Reflects downloads up to 01 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Touzene A(2021)Energy efficient broadcast protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor NetworksCCF Transactions on Networking10.1007/s42045-021-00049-y3:3-4(1-10)Online publication date: 2-Aug-2021
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42045-021-00049-y
Yildiz H(2019)Maximization of Underwater Sensor Networks Lifetime via Fountain CodesIEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics10.1109/TII.2019.289286615:8(4602-4613)Online publication date: Aug-2019
https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2019.2892866
Jiang S(2018)On Reliable Data Transfer in Underwater Acoustic Networks: A Survey From Networking PerspectiveIEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials10.1109/COMST.2018.279396420:2(1036-1055)Online publication date: Oct-2019
https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2793964
Liang MDuan JZhao D(2018)Optimal Redundancy Control Strategy for Fountain Code-Based Underwater Acoustic CommunicationIEEE Access10.1109/ACCESS.2018.28799116(69321-69334)Online publication date: 2018
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2879911
Barreto GSimão DPellenz MSouza RJamhour EPenna MBrante GChang B(2017)Energy-Efficient Channel Coding Strategy for Underwater Acoustic NetworksSensors10.3390/s1704072817:4(728)Online publication date: 31-Mar-2017
https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040728
Geethu KBabu A(2017)A Hybrid ARQ scheme combining erasure codes and selective retransmissions for reliable data transfer in underwater acoustic sensor networksEURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking10.1186/s13638-017-0823-52017:1Online publication date: 15-Feb-2017
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-017-0823-5
Priyanka VKaythry PKishore R(2017)Performance analysis of Recursive Luby transform codes for error correction in underwater sensor network2017 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET)10.1109/WiSPNET.2017.8300184(2369-2373)Online publication date: Mar-2017
https://doi.org/10.1109/WiSPNET.2017.8300184
Yinming Cui Juan Qing Quansheng Guan Fei Ji Gang Wei (2015)Stochastically Optimized Fountain-Based Transmissions Over Underwater Acoustic ChannelsIEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology10.1109/TVT.2014.233235164:5(2108-2112)Online publication date: May-2015
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2014.2332351
Ramezani HLeus G(2015)Localization Packet Scheduling for Underwater Acoustic Sensor NetworksIEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications10.1109/JSAC.2015.243025133:7(1345-1356)Online publication date: 19-Jun-2015
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/JSAC.2015.2430251
Haining Mo Mingir AAlhumyani HAlbayram YJun-Hong Cui (2012)UW-HARQ: An underwater hybrid ARQ scheme: Design, implementation and initial test2012 Oceans10.1109/OCEANS.2012.6405037(1-5)Online publication date: Oct-2012
https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2012.6405037
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Table of Conten