short-paper

Fast gaze typing with an adjustable dwell time

Authors:

Päivi Majaranta,

Ulla-Kaija Ahola,

Oleg ŠpakovAuthors Info & Claims

CHI '09: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Pages 357 - 360

https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1518758

Published: 04 April 2009 Publication History

Get Access

Abstract

Previous research shows that text entry by gaze using dwell time is slow, about 5-10 words per minute (wpm). These results are based on experiments with novices using a constant dwell time, typically between 450 and 1000 ms. We conducted a longitudinal study to find out how fast novices learn to type by gaze using an adjustable dwell time. Our results show that the text entry rate increased from 6.9 wpm in the first session to 19.9 wpm in the tenth session. Correspondingly, the dwell time decreased from an average of 876 ms to 282 ms, and the error rates decreased from 1.28% to .36%. The achieved typing speed of nearly 20 wpm is comparable with the result of 17.3 wpm achieved in an earlier, similar study with Dasher.

References

[1]

Isokoski, P., and Linden, T. Effect of foreign language on text transcription performance: Finns writing English. Proc. NordiCHI 2004, ACM Press, 105--108.

Digital Library

Google Scholar

[2]

MacKenzie, I. S. Motor behaviour models for human-computer interaction. In J. M. Carroll (Ed.), Toward a Multidisciplinary Science of Human-Computer Interaction. Morgan Kaufmann, 2003, 27--54.

Google Scholar

[3]

MacKenzie, I. S. and Soukoreff, R. W. Phrase sets for evaluating text entry techniques. Ext. Abstracts CHI 2003, ACM Press, 754--755.

Digital Library

Google Scholar

[4]

Majaranta, P. and Räihä, K.-J. Text Entry by Gaze: Utilizing Eye-Tracking. In I. S. MacKenzie&K. Tanaka-Ishii (Eds.) Text entry systems: Mobility, accessibility, universality. Morgan Kaufmann, 2007, 175--187.

Google Scholar

[5]

Soukoreff, R. W. and MacKenzie, I. S. Metrics for text entry research: An evaluation of MSD and KSPC, and a new unified error metric. Proc. CHI 2003, ACM Press, 113--120.

Digital Library

Google Scholar

[6]

pakov, O. and Miniotas, D. On-line adjustment of dwell time for target selection by gaze. Proc. NordiCHI 2004, ACM Press, 203--206.

Digital Library

Google Scholar

[7]

Tuisku, O., Majaranta, P., Isokoski, P., and Räihä, K-J. Now Dasher! Dash Away! Longitudinal study of fast text entry by eye gaze. Proc. ETRA 2008, ACM Press, 19--26.

Digital Library

Google Scholar

[8]

Ward, D. J. and MacKay, D. J. C. Fast hands-free writing by gaze direction. Nature 418(6900) (2002), 838.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[9]

Wobbrock, J. O., Rubinstein, J., Sawyer, M. W., and Duchowski, A. T. Longitudinal evaluation of discrete consecutive gaze gestures for text entry. Proc. ETRA 2008, ACM Press, 11--18.

Digital Library

Google Scholar

Cited By

View all

Ngo TNguyen LLe T(2025)Adjusting data input speed in a human-computer interface system controlled by eye gaze and electroencephalography dataTechnology and Disability10.1177/10554181241311684Online publication date: 6-Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1177/10554181241311684
Han MOakley IKostakos VKay JHoang T(2024)EyeWithShut: Exploring Closed Eye Features to Estimate Eye PositionCompanion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing10.1145/3675094.3677605(157-161)Online publication date: 5-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3675094.3677605
Drewes HFanger YMayer S(2024)Hands-free Selection in Scroll Lists for AR DevicesProceedings of Mensch und Computer 202410.1145/3670653.3670671(323-330)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3670653.3670671
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Fast gaze typing with an adjustable dwell time
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Human computer interaction (HCI)
    1. HCI design and evaluation methods
    2. Interaction devices
      1. Touch screens

Recommendations

Improving Dwell-Based Gaze Typing with Dynamic, Cascading Dwell Times
CHI '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

We present cascading dwell gaze typing, a novel approach to dwell-based eye typing that dynamically adjusts the dwell time of keys in an on-screen keyboard based on the likelihood that a key will be selected next, and the location of the key on the ...
Gaze typing in virtual reality: impact of keyboard design, selection method, and motion
ETRA '18: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications

Gaze tracking in virtual reality (VR) allows for hands-free text entry, but it has not yet been explored. We investigate how the keyboard design, selection method, and motion in the field of view may impact typing performance and user experience. We ...
The potential of dwell-free eye-typing for fast assistive gaze communication
ETRA '12: Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications

We propose a new research direction for eye-typing which is potentially much faster: dwell-free eye-typing. Dwell-free eye-typing is in principle possible because we can exploit the high redundancy of natural languages to allow users to simply look at ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

CHI '09: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

April 2009

2426 pages

ISBN:9781605582467

DOI:10.1145/1518701

General Chairs:
Dan R. Olsen
Brigham Young University
,
Richard B. Arthur
Brigham Young University
,
Program Chairs:
Ken Hinckley
Microsoft Research
,
Meredith Ringel Morris
Microsoft Research
,
Scott Hudson
Carnegie Mellon University
,
Saul Greenberg
University of Calgary

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 04 April 2009

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Short-paper

Conference

CHI '09

Sponsor:

CHI '09: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

April 4 - 9, 2009

MA, Boston, USA

Acceptance Rates

CHI '09 Paper Acceptance Rate 277 of 1,130 submissions, 25%;

Overall Acceptance Rate 6,199 of 26,314 submissions, 24%

Upcoming Conference

CHI 2025

Sponsor:
sigchi

ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

April 26 - May 1, 2025

Yokohama , Japan

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

199
Total Citations
View Citations
1,555
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)104
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)8

Reflects downloads up to 05 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all

Ngo TNguyen LLe T(2025)Adjusting data input speed in a human-computer interface system controlled by eye gaze and electroencephalography dataTechnology and Disability10.1177/10554181241311684Online publication date: 6-Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1177/10554181241311684
Han MOakley IKostakos VKay JHoang T(2024)EyeWithShut: Exploring Closed Eye Features to Estimate Eye PositionCompanion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing10.1145/3675094.3677605(157-161)Online publication date: 5-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3675094.3677605
Drewes HFanger YMayer S(2024)Hands-free Selection in Scroll Lists for AR DevicesProceedings of Mensch und Computer 202410.1145/3670653.3670671(323-330)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3670653.3670671
Nazari AAlabood LRathbun MJaswal VKrishnamurthy D(2024)Evaluating Gaze Interactions within AR for Nonspeaking Autistic UsersProceedings of the 30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology10.1145/3641825.3687743(1-11)Online publication date: 9-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3641825.3687743
Shindo MAoki R(2024)Exploring Potential of Electromyography-based Avatar Operation Using Residual Muscles of ALS Individuals: Case Study on Avatar DJ PerformanceExtended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613905.3650857(1-7)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613905.3650857
Manakhov PSidenmark LPfeuffer KGellersen H(2024)Gaze on the Go: Effect of Spatial Reference Frame on Visual Target Acquisition During Physical Locomotion in Extended RealityProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642915(1-16)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642915
Zhang CChen TShaffer ESoltanaghai E(2024)FocusFlow: 3D Gaze-Depth Interaction in Virtual Reality Leveraging Active Visual Depth ManipulationProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642589(1-18)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642589
Moon HLiao YLi CLee BOulasvirta A(2024)Real-time 3D Target Inference via Biomechanical SimulationProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642131(1-18)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642131
Reddy GProulx MHirshfield LRies A(2024)Towards an Eye-Brain-Computer Interface: Combining Gaze with the Stimulus-Preceding Negativity for Target Selections in XRProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3641925(1-17)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3641925
Chen LCai YWang RDing STang YHansen PSun L(2024)Supporting Text Entry in Virtual Reality with Large Language Models2024 IEEE Conference Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)10.1109/VR58804.2024.00073(524-534)Online publication date: 16-Mar-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/VR58804.2024.00073
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Abstract

References

Cited By

Index Terms

Recommendations

Improving Dwell-Based Gaze Typing with Dynamic, Cascading Dwell Times

Gaze typing in virtual reality: impact of keyboard design, selection method, and motion

The potential of dwell-free eye-typing for fast assistive gaze communication

Comments

Information

Published In

Sponsors

Publisher

Publication History

Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Conference

Acceptance Rates

Upcoming Conference

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Login options

Full Access

View options

PDF

eReader

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media

Affiliations