skip to main content
research-article

Deforming meshes that split and merge

Published: 27 July 2009 Publication History

Abstract

We present a method for accurately tracking the moving surface of deformable materials in a manner that gracefully handles topological changes. We employ a Lagrangian surface tracking method, and we use a triangle mesh for our surface representation so that fine features can be retained. We make topological changes to the mesh by first identifying merging or splitting events at a particular grid resolution, and then locally creating new pieces of the mesh in the affected cells using a standard isosurface creation method. We stitch the new, topologically simplified portion of the mesh to the rest of the mesh at the cell boundaries. Our method detects and treats topological events with an emphasis on the preservation of detailed features, while simultaneously simplifying those portions of the material that are not visible. Our surface tracker is not tied to a particular method for simulating deformable materials. In particular, we show results from two significantly different simulators: a Lagrangian FEM simulator with tetrahedral elements, and an Eulerian grid-based fluid simulator. Although our surface tracking method is generic, it is particularly well-suited for simulations that exhibit fine surface details and numerous topological events. Highlights of our results include merging of viscoplastic materials with complex geometry, a taffy-pulling animation with many fold and merge events, and stretching and slicing of stiff plastic material.

Supplementary Material

JPG File (tps048_09.jpg)
Zip (76-429.zip)
- paper video
MP4 File (tps048_09.mp4)

References

[1]
Adalsteinsson, D., and Sethian, J. 1995. A fast level set method for propagating interfaces. J. Comp. Phys. 118, 269--277.
[2]
Adams, B., Pauly, M., Keiser, R., and Guibas, L. J. 2007. Adaptively sampled particle fluids. ACM Trans. Graph. 26, 3, 48.
[3]
Bargteil, A. W., Goktekin, T. G., O'Brien, J. F., and Strain, J. A. 2006. A semi-Lagrangian contouring method for fluid simulation. ACM Trans. Graph. 25, 1, 19--38.
[4]
Bargteil, A. W., Wojtan, C., Hodgins, J. K., and Turk, G. 2007. A finite element method for animating large viscoplastic flow. ACM Trans. Graph. 26, 3, 16.
[5]
Batty, C., Bertails, F., and Bridson, R. 2007. A fast variational framework for accurate solid-fluid coupling. ACM Trans. Graph. 26, 3, 100.
[6]
Bischoff, S., and Kobbelt, L. 2003. Sub-voxel topology control for level-set surfaces. Comput. Graph. Forum 22(3), 273--280.
[7]
Bischoff, S., and Kobbelt, L. 2005. Structure preserving cad model repair. Comput. Graph. Forum 24(3), 527--536.
[8]
Bredno, J., Lehmann, T. M., and Spitzer, K. 2003. A general discrete contour model in two, three, and four dimensions for topology-adaptive multichannel segmentation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 25, 5, 550--563.
[9]
Bridson, R. 2008. Fluid Simulation for Computer Graphics. A K Peters.
[10]
Brochu, T. 2006. Fluid Animation with Explicit Surface Meshes and Boundary-Only Dynamics. Master's thesis, University of British Columbia.
[11]
Du, J., Fix, B., Glimm, J., Jiaa, X., and Lia, X. 2006. A simple package for front tracking. J. Comp. Phys 213, 2, 613--628.
[12]
Enright, D., Fedkiw, R., Ferziger, J., and Mitchell, I. 2002. A hybrid particle level set method for improved interface capturing. J. Comput. Phys. 183, 1, 83--116.
[13]
Enright, D., Marschner, S., and Fedkiw, R. 2002. Animation and rendering of complex water surfaces. ACM Trans. Graph. 21, 3, 736--744.
[14]
Foster, N., and Fedkiw, R. 2001. Practical animation of liquids. In SIGGRAPH '01, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 23--30.
[15]
Glimm, J., Grove, J. W., and Li, X. L. 1998. Three dimensional front tracking. SIAM J. Sci. Comp 19, 703--727.
[16]
Goktekin, T. G., Bargteil, A. W., and O'Brien, J. F. 2004. A method for animating viscoelastic fluids. ACM Trans. Graph. 23, 3, 463--468.
[17]
Guendelman, E., Selle, A., Losasso, F., and Fedkiw, R. 2005. Coupling water and smoke to thin deformable and rigid shells. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 3, 973--981.
[18]
Hieber, S. E., and Koumoutsakos, P. 2005. A Lagrangian particle level set method. J. Comp. Phys. 210, 1, 342--367.
[19]
Hirt, C. W., and Nichols, B. D. 1981. Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Dynamics of Free Boundaries. J. Comp. Phys. 39, 201--225.
[20]
Hong, J.-M., and Kim, C.-H. 2005. Discontinuous fluids. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 3, 915--920.
[21]
Irving, G., Schroeder, C., and Fedkiw, R. 2007. Volume conserving finite element simulations of deformable models. ACM Trans. Graph. 26, 3, 13.
[22]
Jiao, X. 2007. Face offsetting: A unified approach for explicit moving interfaces. J. Comput. Phys. 220, 2, 612--625.
[23]
Kass, M., and Miller, G. 1990. Rapid, stable fluid dynamics for computer graphics. In SIGGRAPH '90, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 49--57.
[24]
Kass, M., Witkin, A., and Terzopoulos, D. 1988. Snakes: active contour models. Int. Journal Computer Vision 1(4), 321--331.
[25]
Keiser, R., Adams, B., Gasser, D., Bazzi, P., Dutre, P., and Gross, M. 2005. A unified Lagrangian approach to solid-fluid animation. Proc. of the 2005 Eurographics Symposium on Point-Based Graphics.
[26]
Kim, B., Liu, Y., Llamas, I., Jiao, X., and Rossignac, J. 2007. Simulation of bubbles in foam with the volume control method. ACM Trans. Graph. 26, 3, 98.
[27]
Kim, T., Thuerey, N., James, D., and Gross, M. 2008. Wavelet turbulence for fluid simulation. ACM Trans. Graph. 27, 3, 50.
[28]
Lachaud, J.-O., and Taton, B. 2005. Deformable model with a complexity independent from image resolution. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 99, 3, 453--475.
[29]
Liu, X.-D., Osher, S., and Chan, T. 1994. Weighted essentially non-oscillatory schemes. J. Comput. Phys. 115, 1, 200--212.
[30]
Lorensen, W. E., and Cline, H. E. 1987. Marching cubes: A high resolution 3d surface construction algorithm. In SIGGRAPH '87, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 163--169.
[31]
Losasso, F., Shinar, T., Selle, A., and Fedkiw, R. 2006. Multiple interacting liquids. ACM Trans. Graph. 25, 3, 812--819.
[32]
McInerney, T., and Terzopoulos, D. 2000. T-snakes: Topology adaptive snakes. Medical Image Analysis 4, 2, 73--91.
[33]
Mihalef, V., Metaxas, D., and Sussman, M. 2007. Textured liquids based on the marker level set. Computer Graphics Forum 26, 3, 457--466.
[34]
Müller, M., Charypar, D., and Gross, M. 2003. Particle-based fluid simulation for interactive applications. Proc. of the ACM Siggraph/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, 154--159.
[35]
Müller, M., Heidelberger, B., Teschner, M., and Gross, M. 2005. Meshless deformations based on shape matching. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 3, 471--478.
[36]
Nooruddin, F. S., and Turk, G. 2000. Interior/exterior classification of polygonal models. In VIS '00: Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '00, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 415--422.
[37]
O'Brien, J. F., and Hodgins, J. K. 1999. Graphical modeling and animation of brittle fracture. In SIGGRAPH '99, ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA, 137--146.
[38]
Osher, S., and Sethian, J. 1988. Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: Algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations. Journal of Computational Physics 79, 12--49.
[39]
Pauly, M., Keiser, R., Adams, B., Dutré;, P., Gross, M., and Guibas, L. J. 2005. Meshless animation of fracturing solids. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 3, 957--964.
[40]
Pons, J.-P., and Boissonnat, J.-D. 2007. Delaunay deformable models: Topology-adaptive meshes based on the restricted Delaunay triangulation. Proceedings of CVPR '07, 1--8.
[41]
Reynolds, C. W., 1992. Adaptive polyhedral resampling for vertex flow animation, unpublished. http://www.red3d.com/cwr/papers/1992/df.html.
[42]
Rosenfeld, A. 1979. Digital topology. American Mathematical Monthly 86, 621--630.
[43]
Selle, A., Fedkiw, R., Kim, B., Liu, Y., and Rossignac, J. 2008. An unconditionally stable maccormack method. J. Sci. Comput. 35, 2--3, 350--371.
[44]
Sethian, J. A. 1996. A fast marching level set method for monotonically advancing fronts. Proc. of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 93, 4 (February), 1591--1595.
[45]
Sethian, J. A. 1999. Level Set Methods and Fast Marching Methods, 2nd ed. Cambridge Monograph on Applies and Computational Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
[46]
Sifakis, E., Shinar, T., Irving, G., and Fedkiw, R. 2007. Hybrid simulation of deformable solids. In Proc. Symposium on Computer Animation, 81--90.
[47]
Stam, J. 1999. Stable fluids. In SIGGRAPH '99, ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA, 121--128.
[48]
Strain, J. A. 2001. A fast semi-lagrangian contouring method for moving interfaces. Journal of Computational Physics 169, 1 (May), 1--22.
[49]
Sussman, M. 2003. A second order coupled level set and volume-of-fluid method for computing growth and collapse of vapor bubbles. J. Comp. Phys. 187/1.
[50]
Terzopoulos, D., and Fleischer, K. 1988. Deformable models. The Visual Computer 4, 306--331.
[51]
Terzopoulos, D., Platt, J., and Fleischer, K. 1989. Heating and melting deformable models (from goop to glop). In the Proceedings of Graphics Interface, 219--226.
[52]
Thürey, N., and Rüde, U. 2004. Free Surface Lattice-Boltzmann fluid simulations with and without level sets. Proc. of Vision, Modelling, and Visualization VMV, 199--208.
[53]
Treuille, A., Lewis, A., and Popović, Z. 2006. Model reduction for real-time fluids. ACM Trans. Graph. 25, 3, 826--834.
[54]
Varadhan, G., Krishnan, S., Sriram, T., and Manocha, D. 2004. Topology preserving surface extraction using adaptive subdivision. In Proceedings of SGP '04, ACM, 235--244.
[55]
Wojtan, C., and Turk, G. 2008. Fast viscoelastic behavior with thin features. ACM Trans. Graph. 27, 3, 47.
[56]
Zhu, Y., and Bridson, R. 2005. Animating sand as a fluid. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 3, 965--972.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Multi-Material Mesh-Based Surface Tracking with Implicit Topology ChangesACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/365822343:4(1-14)Online publication date: 19-Jul-2024
  • (2023)GARM-LS: A Gradient-Augmented Reference-Map Method for Level-Set Fluid SimulationACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/361837742:6(1-20)Online publication date: 5-Dec-2023
  • (2021)Neural UpFlowProceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques10.1145/34801474:3(1-26)Online publication date: 27-Sep-2021
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Graphics
ACM Transactions on Graphics  Volume 28, Issue 3
August 2009
750 pages
ISSN:0730-0301
EISSN:1557-7368
DOI:10.1145/1531326
Issue’s Table of Contents
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 27 July 2009
Published in TOG Volume 28, Issue 3

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. deformable meshes
  2. fluid simulation
  3. physically based animation
  4. topological control

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Funding Sources

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)14
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)4
Reflects downloads up to 05 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Multi-Material Mesh-Based Surface Tracking with Implicit Topology ChangesACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/365822343:4(1-14)Online publication date: 19-Jul-2024
  • (2023)GARM-LS: A Gradient-Augmented Reference-Map Method for Level-Set Fluid SimulationACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/361837742:6(1-20)Online publication date: 5-Dec-2023
  • (2021)Neural UpFlowProceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques10.1145/34801474:3(1-26)Online publication date: 27-Sep-2021
  • (2020)Efficient preservation and breakup of liquid sheets using screen-projected particlesPLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.022759015:2(e0227590)Online publication date: 5-Feb-2020
  • (2020)An extended cut-cell method for sub-grid liquids tracking with surface tensionACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/3414685.341785939:6(1-13)Online publication date: 27-Nov-2020
  • (2020)An implicit compressible SPH solver for snow simulationACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/3386569.339243139:4(36:1-36:16)Online publication date: 12-Aug-2020
  • (2020)A model for soap film dynamics with evolving thicknessACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/3386569.339240539:4(31:1-31:11)Online publication date: 12-Aug-2020
  • (2020)VoroCrustACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/333768039:3(1-16)Online publication date: 13-May-2020
  • (2020)Efficient hybrid topology and shape optimization combining implicit and explicit design representationsStructural and Multidisciplinary Optimization10.1007/s00158-020-02658-562:3(1061-1069)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2020
  • (2019)Preserving and Breakup for the Detailed Representation of Liquid Sheets in Particle-Based Fluid SimulationsJournal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society10.15701/kcgs.2019.25.1.1325:1(13-22)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2019
  • Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Full Access

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media