Xiao-Yu Hu
Roman Pletka
ABSTRACT
Write amplification is a critical factor limiting the random write performance and write endurance in storage devices based on NAND-flash memories such as solid-state drives (SSD). The impact of garbage collection on write amplification is influenced by the level of over-provisioning and the choice of reclaiming policy. In this paper, we present a novel probabilistic model of write amplification for log-structured flash-based SSDs. Specifically, we quantify the impact of over-provisioning on write amplification analytically and by simulation assuming workloads of uniformly-distributed random short writes. Moreover, we propose modified versions of the greedy garbage-collection reclaiming policy and compare their performance. Finally, we analytically evaluate the benefits of separating static and dynamic data in reducing write amplification, and how to address endurance with proper wear leveling.
- N. Agrawal, V. Prabhakaran, T. Wobber, J. D. Davis, M. Manasse, and R. Panigrahy. Design tradeoffs for SSD performance. In Proceedings of the Usenix Annual Technical Conference, June 2008. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- A. Ben-Aroya and S. Toledo. Competitive analysis of flash-memory algorithms. In Proceedings of 14th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA), pages 100--111, Sept. 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L.-P. Chang, T.-W. Kuo, and S.-W. Lo. Real-time garbage collection for flash-memory storage systems of real-time embedded systems. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, 3(4):837--863, Nov. 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y.-H. Chang, J.-W. Hsieh, and T.-W. Kuo. Endurance enhancement of flash-memory storage systems: An efficient static wear leveling design. In Proceedings of 44th Design Automation Conference (DAC), pages 212--217, June 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Erdös and A. Rényi. On a classical problem of probability theory. Magyar Tud. Akad. Mat. Kutato Int. Kozl, 6:215--219, 1961.Google Scholar
- A. Fazio. The real story about NAND flash and solid-state drive reliability. Intel Developer Forum US, Aug. 2008.Google Scholar
- A. Kawaguchi, S. Nishioka, and H. Motoda. A flash-memory based file system. In Proceedings of the USENIX Technical Conference, pages 155--164, Jan. 1995. Google ScholarDigital Library
- E. H. McKinney. Generalized birthday problem. American Mathematical Monthly, (73):385--387, 1966.Google Scholar
- J. Menon. A performance comparison of RAID-5 and log-structured arrays. In Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing, pages 167--178, Aug. 1995. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Menon and L. Stockmeyer. An age-threshold algorithm for garbage collection in log-structured arrays and file systems. In J. Schaeffler, editor, High Performance Computing Systems and Applications, pages 119--132. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.Google ScholarCross Ref
- ONFi. Open NAND Flash Interface Specification 1.0. Specification, Open NAND Flash Interface (ONFi), Dec. 2006.Google Scholar
- J. K. Ousterhout and F. Douglis. Beating the I/O bottleneck: A case for log-structured file systems. Operating Systems Review, 23(1):11--28, Jan. 1989. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Rosenblum and J. K. Ousterhout. The design and implementation of a log-structured file system. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 10(1):26--52, Feb. 1992. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Shmidt. TrueFFS wear-leveling mechanism. Technical report, M-Systems, May 2002.Google Scholar
- Stec. The ZeusIOPS enterprise SSD.Google Scholar
- D. Woodhouse. JFFS: The journaling flash file system. In Ottawa Linux Symposium, July 2001.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Write amplification analysis in flash-based solid state drives
Recommendations
Analytic modeling of SSD write performance
SYSTOR '12: Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Systems and Storage ConferenceSolid state drives (SSDs) update data by writing a new copy, rather than overwriting old data, causing prior copies of the same data to be invalidated. These writes are performed in units of pages, while space is reclaimed in units of multi-page erase ...
Measuring and Analyzing Write Amplification Characteristics of Solid State Disks
MASCOTS '13: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Modelling, Analysis & Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication SystemsWrite amplification brings endurance challenges to NAND Flash-based solid state disks (SSDs) such as impacts upon their write endurance and lifetime. A large write amplification degrades program/erase cycles (P/Es) of NAND Flashes and reduces the ...
A data de-duplication access framework for solid state drives
SAC '11: Proceedings of the 2011 ACM Symposium on Applied ComputingWith the rapid development of SSDs (Solid State Drives), traditional hard drives in many applications have been replaced by SSDs. Since SSDs consist of NAND flash memory, the main challenge to SSDs is that NAND flash memory is highly sensitive to write ...
Comments