Muhammad Hamad Alizai
Olaf Landsiedel
Klaus Wehrle
ABSTRACT
Accurate estimation of link quality is the key to enable efficient routing in wireless sensor networks. Current link estimators focus mainly on identifying long-term stable links for routing. They leave out a potentially large set of intermediate links offering significant routing progress. Fine-grained analysis of link qualities reveals that such intermediate links are bursty, i.e., stable in the short term.
In this paper, we use short-term estimation of wireless links to accurately identify short-term stable periods of transmission on bursty links. Our approach allows a routing protocol to forward packets over bursty links if they offer better routing progress than long-term stable links. We integrate a Short Term Link Estimator and its associated routing strategy with a standard routing protocol for sensor networks. Our evaluation reveals an average of 19% and a maximum of 42% reduction in the overall transmissions when routing over long-range bursty links. Our approach is not tied to any specific routing protocol and integrates seamlessly with existing routing protocols and link estimators.
- D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, S. Biswas, G. Judd, and R. Morris. Link-level measurements from an 802.11b mesh network. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 34(4):121--132, 2004. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- G. W. Allen, P. Swieskowski, and M. Welsh. Motelab: a wireless sensor network testbed. In IPSN '05, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Becher, O. Landsiedel, G. Kunz, and K. Wehrle. Towards short-term link quality estimation. In Hot Emnets, 2008.Google Scholar
- S. Biswas and R. Morris. Exor: opportunistic multi-hop routing for wireless networks. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 35(4):133--144, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Cerpa, J. L. Wong, L. Kuang, M. Potkonjak, and D. Estrin. Statistical model of lossy links in wireless sensor networks. In IPSN 05, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Cerpa, J. L. Wong, M. Potkonjak, and D. Estrin. Temporal properties of low power wireless links: modeling and implications on multi-hop routing. In MobiHoc '05, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Fonseca, O. Gnawali, K. Jamieson, and P. Levis. Four-bit wireless link estimation. In HotNets, 2007.Google Scholar
- R. Fonseca, S. Ratnasamy, J. Zhao, C. T. Ee, D. E. Culler, S. Shenker, and I. Stoica. Beacon vector routing: Scalable point-to-point routing in wireless sensornets. In NSDI '05, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Gay, P. Levis, R. von Behren, M. Welsh, E. Brewer, and D. Culler. The nesc language: A holistic approach to networked embedded systems. In ACM SIGPLAN PLDI, 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- O. Gnawali, R. Fonseca, K. Jamieson, D. Moss, and P. Levis. Collection tree protocol. In SenSys '09, 2009. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Govindan and D. Estrin. Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the sixth annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- V. Handziski, A. Köpke, A. Willig, and A. Wolisz. Twist: a scalable and reconfigurable testbed for wireless indoor experiments with sensor networks. In REALMAN '06, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. He, S. Krishnamurthy, J. A. Stankovic, T. Abdelzaher, L. Luo, R. Stoleru, T. Yan, L. Gu, J. Hui, and B. Krogh. Energy-efficient surveillance system using wireless sensor networks. In MobiSys '04, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Jiao, L. Schwiebert, and B. Xu. On modeling the packet error statistics in bursty channels. In IEEE LCN '02, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. B. Johnson and D. A. Maltz. Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. In Mobile Computing, pages 153--181. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Köpke, A. Willig, and H. Karl. Chaotic maps as parsimonious bit error models of wireless channels. In INFOCOM, 2003.Google ScholarCross Ref
- K. G. Langendoen. Apples, oranges, and testbeds. In IEEE MASS, 2006.Google Scholar
- K. Lorincz and M. Welsh. Motetrack: A robust, decentralized approach to rf-based location tracking. In Springer Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, Special Issue on Location and Context-Awareness, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. E. Perkins, E. M. Royer, and S. R. Das. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (aodv) routing. In 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, and D. Culler. Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research. In IPSN '05, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Ramachandran, I. Sheriff, E. Belding, and K. Almeroth. Routing Stability in Static Wireless Mesh Networks. Springer: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2007.Google ScholarCross Ref
- F. Rodrigo, O. Gnawali, K. Jamieson, S. Kim, P. Levis, and A. Wo. The collection tree protocol. In TinyOS Enhancement Proposal, TEP 123, 2006.Google Scholar
- C. Sharp, S. Schaffert, A. Woo, N. Sastry, C. Karlof, S. Sastry, and D. Culler. Design and implementation of a sensor network system for vehicle tracking and autonomous interception. In EWSN, 2005.Google ScholarCross Ref
- K. Srinivasan, P. Dutta, A. Tavakoli, and P. Levis. Some implications of low power wireless to ip networking. In HotOS V, 2006.Google Scholar
- K. Srinivasan, P. Dutta, A. Tavakoli, and P. Levis. Understanding the causes of packet delivery success and failure in dense wireless sensor networks. In SenSys '06, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Srinivasan, M. A. Kazandjieva, S. Agarwal, and P. Levis. The β-factor: measuring wireless link burstiness. In SenSys '08, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Srinivasan and P. Levis. Rssi is under appreciated. In Emnets, 2006.Google Scholar
- M. Welsh, G. W. Allen, K. Lorincz, O. Marcillo, J. Johnson, M. Ruiz, and J. Lees. Sensor networks for high-resolution monitoring of volcanic activity. In SOSP '05, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Wittenburg, K. Terfloth, F. L. Villafuerte, T. Naumowicz, H. Ritter, and J. H. Schiller. Fence monitoring - experimental evaluation of a use case for wireless sensor networks. In EWSN, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Woo and D. Culler. Evaluation of efficient link reliability estimators for low-power wireless networks. Technical Report UCB/CSD-03-1270, EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley, 2003.Google Scholar
- A. Woo, T. Tong, and D. Culler. Taming the underlying challenges of reliable multihop routing in sensor networks. In SenSys '03, 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Bursty traffic over bursty links
Recommendations
On exploiting asymmetric wireless links via one-way estimation
MobiHoc '07: Proceedings of the 8th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computingA substantial percentage of links in wireless networks, especially low-power ones, is asymmetric. For the low-quality direction of asymmetric links, we observe based on testbed experiments that the reliability of synchronous acknowledgments is ...
Efficient online estimation of bursty wireless links
ISCC '11: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Symposium on Computers and CommunicationsRapidly changing link conditions make it difficult to accurately estimate the quality of wireless links and predict the fate of future transmissions. In particular bursty links pose a major challenge to online link estimation due to strong fluctuations ...
Performance of two-stage shared fiber delay line optical packet switch under bursty traffic
Packet contention is a major issue in an optical packet switching network. It is not a trivial task to resolve contention due to lack of optical RAM technology. This article proposes a two-stage shared fiber delay line (FDL) optical packet switch for ...
Comments