skip to main content
10.1145/1944745.1944769acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication Pagesi3dConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

A modular framework for adaptive agent-based steering

Published:18 February 2011Publication History

ABSTRACT

Next-generation steering algorithms will need to support thousands of believable individual agents, capable of steering in very challenging situations with low-latency reactions. In this paper we propose a steering framework that offers three key contributions: (a) It integrates several models of steering into a single steering decision, (b) it employs a novel space-time planning approach to allow agents to steer during complex local interactions, and (c) it varies the frequency of update of each component (phase) of the framework to drastically improve performance. We demonstrate the versatility and robustness of our framework using a large number of test cases. We also show that the frequency of updates for each phase of the framework can be "decimated" by a surprisingly large amount before resulting steering behaviors degrade. This technique achieves more than a 5x performance improvement, allowing the use of better, more costly algorithms for robust steering, while supporting thousands of agents with low-latency reactions in real-time.

Skip Supplemental Material Section

Supplemental Material

p141-singh.mov

mov

72.2 MB

References

  1. Boulic, R. 2008. Relaxed steering towards oriented region goals. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5277, MIG 2008, 176--187. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. Brogan, D. C., and Hodgins, J. K. 1997. Group behaviors for systems with significant dynamics. Auton. Robots 4, 1, 137--153. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  3. Feurtey, F., 2000. Simulating the collision avoidance behavior of pedestrians. Master's Thesis.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  4. Goldenstein, S., et al. 2001. Scalable nonlinear dynamical systems for agent steering and crowd simulation. Computers and Graphics 25, 6, 983--998.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  5. Hart, P. E., Nilsson, N. J., and Raphael, B. July 1968. A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths. IEEE TSSC 4, 2, 100--107.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  6. Helbing, D., Farkas, I., and Vicsek, T. 2000. Simulating dynamical features of escape panic. Nature 407, 487.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. Kapadia, M., Singh, S., Hewlett, W., and Faloutsos, P. 2009. Egocentric affordance fields in pedestrian steering. In ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  8. Lamarche, F., and Donikian, S. 2004. Crowd of virtual humans: a new approach for real time navigation in complex and structured environments. Computer Graphics Forum 23, 509--518(10).Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  9. Lau, M., and Kuffner, J. J. 2005. Behavior planning for character animation. In 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH / Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, 271--280. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Lee, K. H., Choi, M. G., Hong, Q., and Lee, J. 2007. Group behavior from video: a data-driven approach to crowd simulation. In SCA '07, Eurographics Association, 109--118. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. Lerner, A., Chrysanthou, Y., and Lischinski, D. 2007. Crowds by example. Computer Graphics Forum 26, 3 (September), 655--664.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  12. Loscos, C., Marchal, D., and Meyer, A. 2003. Intuitive crowd behaviour in dense urban environments using local laws. In IEEE TPCG '03, 122. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. Metoyer, R. A., and Hodgins, J. K. 2004. Reactive pedestrian path following from examples. The Visual Computer 20, 10, 635--649.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. Paris, S., Pettré, J., and Donikian, S. 2007. Pedestrian reactive navigation for crowd simulation: a predictive approach. In EUROGRAPHICS 2007, vol. 26, 665--674.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. Paris, S., Gerdelan, A., and O'Sullivan, C. 2009. Calod: Collision avoidance level of detail for scalable, controllable crowds. In Motion in Games, vol. 5884 of LNCS. Springer, 13--28. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. Pelechano, N., Allbeck, J. M., and Badler, N. I. 2007. Controlling individual agents in high-density crowd simulation. In SCA '07, 99--108. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. Rabin, S. 2005. Introduction to Game Development. Charles River Media, Inc. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. Reynolds, C. W. 1987. Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model. In ACM SIGGRAPH '87, 25--34. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Reynolds, C. 1999. Steering behaviors for autonomous characters. In Game Developers Conference.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. Rudomín, I., Millán, E., and Hernández, B. 2005. Fragment shaders for agent animation using finite state machines. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 13, 8, 741--751.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  21. Shao, W., and Terzopoulos, D. 2005. Autonomous pedestrians. In SCA '05: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 19--28. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. Shapiro, A., Kallmann, M., and Faloutsos, P. 2007. Interactive motion correction and object manipulation. In I3D '07: Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on Interactive 3D graphis and games, 137--144. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  23. Singh, S., Kapadia, M., Faloutsos, P., and Reinman, G. 2009. Steerbench: a benchmark sutie for evaluating steering behaviors. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  24. Sud, A., Gayle, R., Andersen, E., Guy, S., Lin, M., and Manocha, D. 2007. Real-time navigation of independent agents using adaptive roadmaps. In VRST '07, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 99--106. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  25. Treuille, A., Cooper, S., and Popović, Z. 2006. Continuum crowds. In SIGGRAPH '06, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1160--1168. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. van den Berg, J., Patil, S., Sewall, J., Manocha, D., and Lin, M. 2008. Interactive navigation of multiple agents in crowded environments. In ACM I3D '08, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 139--147. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. A modular framework for adaptive agent-based steering

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Login options

        Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

        Sign in
        • Published in

          cover image ACM Conferences
          I3D '11: Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games
          February 2011
          207 pages
          ISBN:9781450305655
          DOI:10.1145/1944745

          Copyright © 2011 ACM

          Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

          Publisher

          Association for Computing Machinery

          New York, NY, United States

          Publication History

          • Published: 18 February 2011

          Permissions

          Request permissions about this article.

          Request Permissions

          Check for updates

          Qualifiers

          • research-article

          Acceptance Rates

          I3D '11 Paper Acceptance Rate24of64submissions,38%Overall Acceptance Rate148of485submissions,31%

        PDF Format

        View or Download as a PDF file.

        PDF

        eReader

        View online with eReader.

        eReader