skip to main content
10.1145/2069063.2069071acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesmswimConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Ripple flooding in wireless sensor networks

Published: 03 November 2011 Publication History

Abstract

Flooding is a fundamental operation to support route discovery and time synchronization in wireless sensor networks. A simple flooding causes the broadcast storm problem and leads to long latency to complete the broadcast. This paper presents the Ripple flooding scheme (RFS) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The proposed scheme improves the convergence speed of flooding by using a synchronized packet rebroadcasting instead of using a CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) MAC based packet rebroadcasting. We analyse the multipath delay spread feasibility on a receiver for the packets from multiple senders. The theoretical upper bound of packet loss rate (PLR) is less than 13%. The experimental result shows the same as the PLR of the theoretical analysis. We implement the RFS on the sensor node with the MSP430 microcontroller and the CC2420 transceiver and evaluate the major performance metrics including the convergence time and the reliability in various network scales and densities. The convergence time is at least 3.5 times faster than the CSMA MAC based flooding in the dense network environments. The transmission reliability of the RFS is slightly better than the reliability of the CSMA MAC based flooding because of the implicit overhearing scheme provided by the RFS.

References

[1]
Wang, X., Yin, J., Zhang, Q., and Agrawal, D.P. 2005. A cross-layer approach for efficient flooding in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (New Orleans, LA, USA, March 2005). 2005 IEEE vol.4, 1812--1817, DOI=http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1109/WCNC.2005.1424787.
[2]
Ganeriwal, S., Kumar, R., and Srivastava, M. B. 2003. Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (Los Angeles, California, USA, November 2003). ACM, New York, NY, 138--149, DOI=http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1145/958491.958508.
[3]
Maróti, M., Kusy, B., Simon, G., and Lédeczi, Á. 2004. The flooding time synchronization protocol. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (Baltimore, MD, USA, November 2004). ACM, New York, NY, 39--49, DOI=http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1145/1031495.1031501.
[4]
Cox, D., Jovanov, E., and Milenkovic, A. 2005. Time synchronization for ZigBee networks. In Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Southeastern Symposium on System Theory (March 2005). SSST '05, 135--138, DOI=http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1109/SSST.2005.1460892.
[5]
Chuang, J., 1987. The Effects of Time Delay Spread on Portable Radio Communications Channels with Digital Modulation. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications vol.5, no.5, 879--889, DOI=http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1109/JSAC.1987.1146591.
[6]
JPL's Wireless Communication Reference, http://wireless.per.nl/
[7]
TI CC2420 Transceiver Datasheet, http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2420.pdf
[8]
TI MSP430F1611 Microcontroller Datasheet, http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/msp430f1611.pdf.
[9]
Ni, S., Tseng, Y., Chen, Y, and Sheu, J. 1999. The Broadcast Storm Problem in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network. In Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile computing and networking. ACM, New York, NY, 138--149, DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/313451.313525.
[10]
Johnson, D.B, and Maltz, D.A. 1996. Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. In Mobile Computing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 153--181
[11]
Sasson, Y, Cavin, D, and Schiper, A. 2003. Probabilistic Broadcast for Flooding in Wireless Mobile Ad hoc Networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (New Orleans, LA, USA, March 2003). 1124--1130, DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2003.1200529.
[12]
Liu, H, Jia, X., Wan, P., Liu, X., and Yao, F.F. 2007. A Distributed and Efficient Flooding Scheme Using 1-Hop Information in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 18, No. 5, 658--671, DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2007.1023.
[13]
Le, T.D and Choo, H. 2008. Efficient Flooding Scheme Based on 2-Hop Backward Information in Ad Hoc Networks. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communication (Beijing, China, May 2008), 2443--2447, DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2008.464.
[14]
Cai, Y., Hua, K.A and Phillips A. 2005. Leveraging 1-Hop Neighborhood Knowledge for Efficient Flooding in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. In Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC, April 2005)
[15]
Lou, W. and Wu, J. 2004. Double-Covered Broadcast (DCB): A Simple Reliable Broadcast Algorithm in MANETs. In Proceedings of INFOCOM 2004 (HongKong, China, March 2004), 2084--2095, DOI=http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1109/INFCOM.2004.1354616.
[16]
Alshamali, A. and Al-Oqleh, M. 2002. Delay spread statistics in simulcast transmission system. In Electronics Letters (August 2002), Vol. 38, No. 17, 992--994, DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20020651.

Cited By

View all
  • (2012)Precise time synchronization based on ripple flooding in wireless sensor networksIEICE Electronics Express10.1587/elex.9.6919:7(691-697)Online publication date: 2012

Index Terms

  1. Ripple flooding in wireless sensor networks

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Conferences
    PE-WASUN '11: Proceedings of the 8th ACM Symposium on Performance evaluation of wireless ad hoc, sensor, and ubiquitous networks
    November 2011
    140 pages
    ISBN:9781450309004
    DOI:10.1145/2069063
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

    Sponsors

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 03 November 2011

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. broadcast
    2. convergence time
    3. flooding
    4. sensor networks

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article

    Conference

    MSWiM '11
    Sponsor:

    Acceptance Rates

    Overall Acceptance Rate 70 of 240 submissions, 29%

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)0
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
    Reflects downloads up to 15 Feb 2025

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2012)Precise time synchronization based on ripple flooding in wireless sensor networksIEICE Electronics Express10.1587/elex.9.6919:7(691-697)Online publication date: 2012

    View Options

    Login options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Figures

    Tables

    Media

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media