skip to main content
10.1145/2307798.2307815acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesperdisConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

How to evaluate public displays

Published:04 June 2012Publication History

ABSTRACT

After years in the lab, interactive public displays are finding their way into public spaces, shop windows, and public institutions. They are equipped with a multitude of sensors as well as (multi-) touch surfaces allowing not only the audience to be sensed, but also their effectiveness to be measured. The lack of generally accepted design guidelines for public displays and the fact that there are many different objectives (e.g., increasing attention, optimizing interaction times, finding the best interaction technique) make it a challenging task to pick the most suitable evaluation method. Based on a literature survey and our own experiences, this paper provides an overview of study types, paradigms, and methods for evaluation both in the lab and in the real world. Following a discussion of design challenges, we provide a set of guidelines for researchers and practitioners alike to be applied when evaluating public displays.

References

  1. Alt, F., Memarovic, N., Elhart, I., Bial, D., Schmidt, A., Langheinrich, M., Harboe, G., and Huang, E. Designing shared public display networks -- implications from today's paper-based notice areas. In Proc. of Pervasive 2011 (2011). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. Alt, F., Schmidt, A., and Evers, C. Mobile contextual display systems. In Adj. Proc. of HotMobile'09 (2009).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Alt, F., Shirazi, A. S., Kubitza, T., Bial, D., Zaidan, F., Ortel, M., Zurmaar, B., Lewen, T., and Schmidt, A. Digifieds: Insights into deploying digital public notice areas in the wild. In Proc. of MUM'11 (Dec. 2011). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. Ballagas, R., Rohs, M., and Sheridan, J. G. Sweep and point and shoot: phonecam-based interactions for large public displays. In CHI '05 EA, ACM (NY, USA, 2005). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. Bangor, A., Kortum, P., and Miller, J. An empirical evaluation of the system usability scale. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 24, 6 (2008).Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  6. Beyer, G., Alt, F., Müller, J., Schmidt, A., Isakovic, K., Klose, S., Schiewe, M., and Haulsen, I. Audience behavior around large interactive cylindrical screens. In Proc. of CHI'11, ACM (New York, USA, 2011), 1021--1030. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  7. Boring, S., Baur, D., Butz, A., Gustafson, S., and Baudisch, P. Touch projector: mobile interaction through video. In Proc. of CHI'10, ACM (New York, USA, 2010), 2287--2296. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  8. Brignull, H., Izadi, S., Fitzpatrick, G., Rogers, Y., and Rodden, T. The introduction of a shared interactive surface into a communal space. In Proc. of CSCW '04, ACM (New York, NY, USA, 2004), 49--58. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Brignull, H., and Rogers, Y. Enticing people to interact with large public displays in public spaces. In Proc. of INTERACT'03, vol. 3 (2003), 17--24.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  10. Cheverst, K., Fitton, D., and Dix, A. Exploring the evolution of office door displays. Public and Situated Displays (2003).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. Cheverst, K., Taylor, N., Rouncefield, M., Galani, A., and Kray, C. The challenge of evaluating situated display based technology interventions designed to foster a sense of community. Proc. of USE'08 (2008), 1--5.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  12. Collomb, M., Hascoët, M., Baudisch, P., and Lee, B. Improving drag-and-drop on wall-size displays. In Proc. of GI '05 (2005), 25--32. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. Fatah gen Schieck, A., Kostakos, V., and Penn, A. The urban screen as a socialising platform: exploring the role of place within the urban space.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. Hart, S., and Staveland, L. Development of nasa-tlx (task load index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. Human mental workload 1 (1988), 139--183.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. Huang, E. M., Koster, A., and Borchers, J. Overcoming assumptions and uncovering practices: When does the public really look at public displays? In Proc. of Pervasive'08, Springer-Verlag (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008), 228--243. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. Hutchinson, H., Mackay, W., Westerlund, B., Bederson, B. B., Druin, A., Plaisant, C., Beaudouin-Lafon, M., Conversy, S., Evans, H., Hansen, H., Roussel, N., and Eiderbäck, B. Technology probes: inspiring design for and with families. In Proc. of CHI'03, ACM (NY, USA, 2003), 17--24. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. Jacucci, G., Morrison, A., Richard, G. T., Kleimola, J., Peltonen, P., Parisi, L., and Laitinen, T. Worlds of information: designing for engagement at a public multi-touch display. In Proc. of CHI '10, ACM (2010). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. Khan, A., Matejka, J., Fitzmaurice, G., and Kurtenbach, G. Spotlight: directing users' attention on large displays. In Proc. of CHI '05, ACM (New York, USA, 2005), 791--798. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Lazar, J., Feng, J., and Hochheiser, H. Research methods in human-computer interaction. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2009. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. Mankoff, J., Dey, A. K., Hsieh, G., Kientz, J., Lederer, S., and Ames, M. Heuristic evaluation of ambient displays. In Proc. of CHI '03, ACM (New York, USA, 2003), 169--176. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. Matthews, T. L., Rattenbury, T. L., and Carte, S. A. Defining, designing, and evaluating peripheral displays: An analysis using activity theory. HCI 22, 1--2 (2007), 221--261. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. Memarovic, N., Elhart, I., and Langheinrich, M. Funsquare: First experiences with autopoiesic content. In Proc. of MUM'11 (Dec. 2011). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  23. Meschtscherjakov, A., Reitberger, W., Mirlacher, T., Huber, H., and Tscheligi, M. Amiquin - an ambient mannequin for the shopping environment ambient intelligence. In Proc. of AmI'09. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, 2009, 206--214. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  24. Müller, J., Exeler, J., Buzeck, M., and Krüger, A. Reflectivesigns: Digital signs that adapt to audience attention. In Proc. of Pervasive'09, Springer (Berlin, 2009), 17--24. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  25. Müller, J., Walter, R., Bailly, G., Nischt, M., and Alt, F. Looking glass: A field study on noticing interactivity of a shop window. In Proc. of CHI'12 (May 2012 (to appear)). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. Müller, J., Wilmsmann, D., Exeler, J., Buzeck, M., Schmidt, A., Jay, T., and Krüger, A. Display blindness: The effect of expectations on attention towards digital signage. In Proc. of Pervasive'09, Springer-Verlag (2009), 1--8. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. Nielsen, J. Usability engineering. Morgan Kaufmann, 1994. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  28. Ojala, T., Kostakos, V., and Kukka, H. It's a jungle out there: Fantasy and reality of evaluating public displays in the wild. Large Displays in Urban Life 4 (2011), 1--4.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  29. Ojala, T., Kukka, H., Lindén, T., Heikkinen, T., Jurmu, M., Hosio, S., and Kruger, F. Ubi-hotspot 1.0: Large-scale long-term deployment of interactive public displays in a city center. In Proc. of ICIW'10, Ieee (2010), 285--294. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  30. Peltonen, P., Kurvinen, E., Salovaara, A., Jacucci, G., Ilmonen, T., Evans, J., Oulasvirta, A., and Saarikko, P. It's mine, don't touch!: interactions at a large multi-touch display in a city centre. In Proc. of CHI'08, ACM (2008). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. Redhead, F., and Brereton, M. Designing interaction for local communications: An urban screen study. In Proc. of INTERACT '09, Springer (Heidelberg, 2009), 457--460. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  32. Rogers, Y., Hazlewood, W. R., Marshall, P., Dalton, N., and Hertrich, S. Ambient influence: can twinkly lights lure and abstract representations trigger behavioral change? In Proc. of Ubicomp '10, ACM (NY, USA, 2010), 261--270. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. Schmidt, D., Chehimi, F., Rukzio, E., and Gellersen, H. Phonetouch: a technique for direct phone interaction on surfaces. In Proc. of UIST '10 (2010), 13--16. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. Schrammel, J., Mattheiss, E., Döbelt, S., Paletta, L., Almer, A., and Tscheligi, M. Attentional behavior of users on the move towards pervasive advertising media. In Pervasive Advertising, J. Müller, F. Alt, and D. Michelis, Eds., Springer Limited London (2011).Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  35. Shoemaker, G. B. D., and Inkpen, K. M. Single display privacyware: augmenting public displays with private information. In Proc. of CHI '01, ACM (2001). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  36. Storz, O., Friday, A., Davies, N., Finney, J., Sas, C., and Sheridan, J. Public ubiquitous computing systems: Lessons from the e-campus display deployments. Pervasive Computing, IEEE 5, 3 (2006), 40--47. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. Vogel, D., and Balakrishnan, R. Interactive public ambient displays: transitioning from implicit to explicit, public to personal, interaction with multiple users. In Proc. of UIST'04, UIST '04, ACM (New York, NY, USA, 2004), 137--146. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  38. Vogel, D., and Balakrishnan, R. Distant freehand pointing and clicking on very large, high resolution displays. In Proc. of UIST '05, ACM (New York, NY, USA, 2005), 33--42. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  39. Wilson, A. D., and Benko, H. Combining multiple depth cameras and projectors for interactions on, above and between surfaces. In Proc. of UIST '10, ACM (NY, 2010). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. How to evaluate public displays

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Login options

    Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

    Sign in
    • Published in

      cover image ACM Other conferences
      PerDis '12: Proceedings of the 2012 International Symposium on Pervasive Displays
      June 2012
      122 pages
      ISBN:9781450314145
      DOI:10.1145/2307798

      Copyright © 2012 ACM

      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      • Published: 4 June 2012

      Permissions

      Request permissions about this article.

      Request Permissions

      Check for updates

      Qualifiers

      • research-article

      Acceptance Rates

      PerDis '12 Paper Acceptance Rate20of36submissions,56%Overall Acceptance Rate213of384submissions,55%

    PDF Format

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader