research-article

Quantifying violations of destination-based forwarding on the internet

Authors:

Ethan Katz-Bassett,

Ramesh GovindanAuthors Info & Claims

IMC '12: Proceedings of the 2012 Internet Measurement Conference

Pages 265 - 272

https://doi.org/10.1145/2398776.2398804

Published: 14 November 2012 Publication History

Abstract

Initially, packet forwarding in the Internet was destination-based -- that is, a router would forward all packets with the same destination address to the same next hop. In this paper, we use active probing methods to quantify and characterize deviations from destination-based forwarding in today's Internet. From over a quarter million probes, we analyze the forwarding behavior of almost 40,000 intermediate routers. We find that, for 29% of the targeted routers, the router forwards traffic going to a single destination via different next hops, and 1.3% of the routers even select next hops in different ASes. Load balancers are unlikely to explain these AS-level variations, and in fact we uncover causes including routers inside MPLS tunnels that otherwise employ default routes. We also find that these violations can significantly affect the results of measurement tools that rely on destination-based forwarding, and we discuss some ideas for making these tools more robust against these violations.

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Cited By

Singh RTench DGill PMcGregor A(2021)PredictRoute: A Network Path Prediction ToolkitProceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems10.1145/34600905:2(1-24)Online publication date: 4-Jun-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3460090
Fonseca PMota EBennesby RPassito A(2019)BGP Dataset Generation and Feature Extraction for Anomaly Detection2019 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)10.1109/ISCC47284.2019.8969619(1-6)Online publication date: Jun-2019
https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCC47284.2019.8969619
Beverly RDurairajan RPlonka DRohrer J(2018)In the IP of the BeholderProceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 201810.1145/3278532.3278559(308-321)Online publication date: 31-Oct-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3278532.3278559
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Index Terms

Quantifying violations of destination-based forwarding on the internet
1. Networks
  1. Network components
    1. Intermediate nodes
      1. Routers
  2. Network services
    1. Network management

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cover image ACM Conferences

IMC '12: Proceedings of the 2012 Internet Measurement Conference

November 2012

572 pages

ISBN:9781450317054

DOI:10.1145/2398776

General Chairs:
John Byers
Boston University
,
Jim Kurose
University of Massachusetts Amherst
,
Program Chairs:
Ratul Mahajan
Microsoft Research
,
Alex C. Snoeren
UC San Diego

Copyright © 2012 ACM.

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SIGMETRICS: ACM Special Interest Group on Measurement and Evaluation
SIGCOMM: ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication
USENIX Assoc: USENIX Assoc

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Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 14 November 2012

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IMC '12

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SIGMETRICS
SIGCOMM
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IMC '12: Internet Measurement Conference

November 14 - 16, 2012

Massachusetts, Boston, USA

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Overall Acceptance Rate 277 of 1,083 submissions, 26%

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Cited By

Singh RTench DGill PMcGregor A(2021)PredictRoute: A Network Path Prediction ToolkitProceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems10.1145/34600905:2(1-24)Online publication date: 4-Jun-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3460090
Fonseca PMota EBennesby RPassito A(2019)BGP Dataset Generation and Feature Extraction for Anomaly Detection2019 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)10.1109/ISCC47284.2019.8969619(1-6)Online publication date: Jun-2019
https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCC47284.2019.8969619
Beverly RDurairajan RPlonka DRohrer J(2018)In the IP of the BeholderProceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 201810.1145/3278532.3278559(308-321)Online publication date: 31-Oct-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3278532.3278559
Cao YQian ZWang ZDao TKrishnamurthy SMarvel LCao YDao TMarvel LWang ZQian ZKrishnamurthy S(2018)Off-Path TCP Exploits of the Challenge ACK Global Rate LimitIEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking10.1109/TNET.2018.279708126:2(765-778)Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TNET.2018.2797081
Zhang XKnockel JCrandall J(2018)ONIS: Inferring TCP/IP-based Trust Relationships Completely Off-PathIEEE INFOCOM 2018 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications10.1109/INFOCOM.2018.8486426(2069-2077)Online publication date: Apr-2018
https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOM.2018.8486426
Custura ASecchi RFairhurst G(2018)Exploring DSCP modification pathologies in the InternetComputer Communications10.1016/j.comcom.2018.05.016127(86-94)Online publication date: Sep-2018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2018.05.016
Warrior MKlarman UFlores MKuzmanovic A(2017)DrongoProceedings of the 13th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies10.1145/3143361.3143365(41-54)Online publication date: 28-Nov-2017
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3143361.3143365
Vanaubel YMérindol PPansiot JDonnet BUhlig SMaennel O(2017)Through the wormholeProceedings of the 2017 Internet Measurement Conference10.1145/3131365.3131378(29-42)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2017
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3131365.3131378
Cunha ÍMarchetta PCalder MChiu YSchlinker BMachado BPescapè AGiotsas VMadhyastha HKatz-Bassett EArgyraki KIsaacs R(2016)SibylProceedings of the 13th Usenix Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation10.5555/2930611.2930633(325-344)Online publication date: 16-Mar-2016
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2930611.2930633
Lee YSpring NGill PHeidemann JByers JGovindan R(2016)Identifying and Aggregating Homogeneous IPv4 /24 Blocks with HobbitProceedings of the 2016 Internet Measurement Conference10.1145/2987443.2987448(151-165)Online publication date: 14-Nov-2016
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