Abstract
In the mid 2000s there was some concern in the research and operational communities over the scalability of BGP, the Internet's interdomain routing protocol. The focus was on update churn (the number of routing protocol messages that are exchanged when the network undergoes routing changes) and whether churn was growing too fast for routers to handle. Recent work somewhat allayed those fears, showing that update churn grows slowly in IPv4, but the question of routing scalability has re-emerged with IPv6.
In this work, we develop a model that expresses BGP churn in terms of four measurable properties of the routing system. We show why the number of updates normalized by the size of the topology is constant, and why routing dynamics are qualitatively similar in IPv4 and IPv6. We also show that the exponential growth of IPv6 churn is entirely expected, as the underlying IPv6 topology is also growing exponentially.
- S. Agarwal, C.-N. Chuah, S. Bhattacharyya, and C. Diot. Impact of BGP Dynamics on Router CPU Utilization. In Proc. Passive and Active Measurement Conference, 2004.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Broido and k. claffy. Analysis of RouteViews BGP data: policy atoms. In Network Resource Data Management Workshop, Santa Barbara, CA, May 2001.Google Scholar
- L. Cittadini, W. Muhlbauer, S. Uhlig, R. Bush, P. Francois, and O. Maennel. Evolution of Internet address space deaggregation: Myths and reality. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 28(8), 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Dhamdhere and C. Dovrolis. Twelve years in the evolution of the Internet ecosystem. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 19(5), Oct. 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Dhamdhere, M. Luckie, B. Huffaker, A. Elmokashfi, E. Aben, and K. Claffy. Measuring the Deployment of IPv6: Topology, Routing and Performance. In Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM IMC, Nov 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Elmokashfi, A. Kvalbein, and C. Dovrolis. On the Scalability of BGP: the roles of topology growth and update rate-limiting. In Proc. ACM CoNEXT, Dec 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Elmokashfi, A. Kvalbein, and C. Dovrolis. BGP churn evolution: A perspective from the core. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 20(2), April 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Griffin and G. Wilfong. An Analysis of BGP Convergence Properties. In Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Hollander and D. A. Wolfe. Nonparametric statistical methods. Wiley, second edition, 1999.Google Scholar
- G. Huston. The BGP instability report. http://bgpupdates.potaroo.net/.Google Scholar
- G. Huston. BGP in 2009 (and a bit of 2010). Presentation at ARIN XXV meeting, 2010.Google Scholar
- G. Huston. The BGP World is Flat, Nov. 2011. http://www.potaroo.net/ispcol/2011--12/flat.html.Google Scholar
- G. Huston and G. Armitage. Projecting future IPv4 router requirements from trends in dynamic BGP behaviour. In Proc. ATNAC, Australia, Dec 2006.Google Scholar
- C. Labovitz, A. Ahuja, A. Bose, and F. Jahanian. Delayed Internet Routing Convergence. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 9(3), June 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Labovitz, G. R. Malan, and F. Jahanian. Origins of Internet routing instability. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 1999.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Li, M. Guidero, Z. Wu, E. Purpus, and T. Ehrenkranz. BGP routing dynamics revisited. Computer Communications Review, apr 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Meyer, L. Zhang, and K. Fall. Report from the IAB workshop on routing and addressing. RFC 4984, 2007.Google Scholar
- R. Oliveira, R. Izhak-Ratzin, B. Zhang, and L. Zhang. Measurement of highly active prefixes in BGP. In Proc. IEEE GLOBECOMM, 2005.Google ScholarCross Ref
- R. Oliveira, B. Zhang, D. Pei, R. Izhak-Ratzin, and L. Zhang. Quantifying Path Exploration in the Internet. In Proc. ACM SIGCOMM IMC, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Valler, M. Butkiewicz, B. Prakash, and M. Faloutsos. Non-binary information propagation: Modeling BGP routing churn. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM Compter Communications Workshop, 2011.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Wu, Z. M. Mao, J. Rexford, and J. Wang. Finding a needle in a haystack: pinpointing significant BGP routing changes in an IP network. In Proc. USENIX NSDI, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. Zhang, V. Kambhampati, M. Lad, D. Massey, and L. Zhang. Identifying BGP routing table transfers. In Proc. ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Mining network data, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- X. Zhao, D. Massey, M. Lad, and L. Zhang. On/Off Model: A New Tool to Understand BGP Update Burst. University of California, Los Angeles technical report, 2004.Google Scholar
- X. Zhao, B. Zhang, D. Massey, A. Terzis, and L. Zhang. The impact of link failure location on routing dynamics: A formal analysis. In Proc. ACM SIGCOMM Asia Workshop, 2005.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Revisiting BGP churn growth
Recommendations
BGP routing dynamics revisited
Understanding BGP routing dynamics is critical to the solid growth and maintenance of the Internet routing infrastructure. However, while the most extensive study on BGP dynamics is nearly a decade old, many factors that could affect BGP dynamics have ...
BGP churn evolution: a perspective from the core
The scalability limitations of BGP have been a major concern lately. An important aspect of this issue is the rate of routing updates (churn) that BGP routers must process. This paper presents an analysis of the evolution of churn in four networks at ...
Neighbor-specific BGP: more flexible routing policies while improving global stability
SIGMETRICS '09The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) offers network administrators considerable flexibility in controlling how traffic flows through their networks. However, the interaction between routing policies in different Autonomous Systems (ASes) can lead to ...
Comments