ABSTRACT
The author proposes the notion of an emotional cyborg as a new application proposal in the human-agent interaction (HAI) field. This paper is a summary of what kind of human processes maintain emotional labor and how such kind of social labor is supported by HAI technologies. The author implemented AgencyGlass, a prototype application, as a tool for realizing an emotional cyborg. The device is attached on a user's face and displays the user's eye gestures. The author created a prototype application for supplementing emotional labor with AgencyGlass and presented this as a video. Reactions from media and online feedback on the prototype are analyzed, and the future of HAI applications is illustrated.
- Bateson, M., Nettle, D., and Roberts, G. Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters 2, 3 (2006), 412--414.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Bourrat, P., Baumard, N., and Mckay, R. Surveillance cues enhance moral condemnation. Evolutionary Psychology 9, 2 (2011), 193--199.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Byrne, R.W. and Whiten, A. Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press, USA, 1989.Google Scholar
- Colman, A.M. and Browning, L. Evolution of cooperative turn-taking. Evolutionary Ecology Research 11, (2009), 949--963.Google Scholar
- Cooper-White, M. These 'Wearable Eyes' Make Your Face Look More Friendly Than You Feel. The Huffington Post, 2014.Google Scholar
- Cormier, D., Young, J., Nakane, M., Newman, G., and Durocher, S. Would You Do as a Robot Commands? An Obedience Study for Human-Robot Interaction. International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction, (2013), I--3Google Scholar
- Darwin, C. The expression of emotions in man and animals. John Murray, 1872.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Dennett, D.C. The Intentional Stance. A Bradford Book, 1989.Google Scholar
- Duffy, B.R. and Zawieska, K. Suspension of Disbelief in Social Robotics. International Conference on Social Robotics, (2012), 484--489.Google Scholar
- Eyssel, F. and Hegel, F. (S)he's Got the Look: Gender Stereotyping of Robots. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 42, 9 (2012), 2213--2230.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Eyssel, F. and Loughnan, S. "It Don't Matter If You're Black or White"? Social Robotics 8239, October (2013), 422--431.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Garcia, M.I. Avatar eyes: Can cyborg glasses mimic all the complex emotions expressed by real eyes? Rappler, 2014. http://www.rappler.com/science-nature/ideas/science-solitaire/56286-science-solitaire-avatar-eyes.Google Scholar
- Glas, D.F., Kanda, T., Ishiguro, H., and Hagita, N. Simultaneous teleoperation of multiple social robots. Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Human robot interaction, ACM Press (2008), 311. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Haraway, D. A Cyborg Manifest: Science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century. In The cybercultures reader. Psychology Press, 2000, 291--324.Google Scholar
- Hiyama, H. Skipping Emotoinal Cotnrol by Glass-type Device Developed by Japanese Scientist. Asia Press Front, 2014. http://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3013259.Google Scholar
- Hochschild, A.R. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. 1983.Google Scholar
- Hochschild, A.R. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. University of California Press, 1983.Google Scholar
- Iizuka, H., Ando, H., and Maeda, T. The Anticipation of Human Behavior Using "Parasitic Humanoid." In Human-Computer Interaction. Ambient, Ubiquitous and Intelligent Interaction. 2009, 284--293. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jack, R.E., Garrod, O.G.B., Yu, H., Caldara, R., and Schyns, P.G. Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 19 (2012), 7241--4.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kelion, L. Cyborg glasses save users the need to control emotions. British Broadcasting Corporation, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27052773.Google Scholar
- Kirman, B., Linehan, C., Lawson, S., and O'Hara, D. CHI and the future robot enslavement of humankind. CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems on - CHI EA '13, ACM Press (2013), 2199. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lim, A. "Wearable Eyes" Make You Appear Friendly, Social Even When You're Not. IEEE Spectrum, 2014. http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/artificial-intelligence/wearable-eyes-agencyglass-emotional-cyborgs.Google Scholar
- Mann, S. and Cowburn, J. Emotional labour and stress within mental health nursing. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing 12, 2 (2005), 154--62.Google Scholar
- Marks, P. Goggle-eyed glasses swap your lying eyes for fake ones. NewScientist, 2014. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25234-goggleeyed-glasses-swap-your-lying-eyes-for-fake-ones.html.Google Scholar
- Matsukuma, K., Handa, H., and Yokoyama, K. Subjective Evaluation of Seal Robot: Paro - Tabulation and Analysis of Questionnaire Results -. Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 14, 1 (2002), 13--19.Google Scholar
- Ono, T. and Imai, M. A model of embodied communications with gestures between humans and robots. 23rd meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, (2001), 760--765.Google Scholar
- Osawa, H. Agentphobia and Emotional Labor : How Human-Agent Interaction Contributes to the Preservation of our Humanity. The 1st International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction, (2013), II--p1.Google Scholar
- Osawa, H. Intelligence Arms Race: Delayed Reward Increases Complexity of Agent Strategies. International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, (2014), 789--796. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Phillips, S. Labouring the emotions: expanding the remit of nursing work? Journal of Advanced Nursing 24, 1 (1996), 139--143.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Picard, R.W. Affective Computing. MIT Press, 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Premack, D. and Woodruff, G. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, 04 (1978), 515--526.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Reeves, B. and Nass, C. The Media Equation: How people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. Stanford, 1996. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rekimoto, J. and Saitoh, M. Augmented surfaces: a spatially continuous work space for hybrid computing environments. ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM Press (1999), 378--385. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sankai, Y. Leading Edge of Cybernics: Robot Suit HAL. 2006 SICE-ICASE International Joint Conference, IEEE (2006), P-1--P-2.Google Scholar
- Sato, R. and Takeuchi, Y. Coordinating Turn-Taking and Talking in Multi-Party Conversations by Controlling a Robot's Eye-Gaze. International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction, (2013), I-1-1.Google Scholar
- Savona, S. AgencyGlass -- the digital eyes that show emotion so YOU don't have to. Think Inc., 2014. http://thinkinc.org.au/agencyglass-the-digital-eyes-that-show-emotion-so-you-dont-have-to/.Google Scholar
- Smith, P. and Gray, B. Emotional labour of nursing revisited: Caring and Learning 2000. Nurse Education in Practice 1, 1 (2001), 42--49.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Takahashi, T. Youth, Social Media and Connectivity in Japan. In P. Seargeant and C. Tagg, eds., The Language of Social Media: Community and Identity on the Internet. 2014, 1--48.Google Scholar
- Tamaki, E., Miyaki, T., and Rekimoto, J. PossessedHand: a hand gesture manipulation system using electrical stimuli. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Augmented Human, ACM Press (2010), 1--5. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Terada, K., Shamoto, T., Ito, A., and Mei, H. Reactive movements of non-humanoid robots cause intention attribution in humans. International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IEEE/RSJ (2007), 3715--3720.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Tsujita, H. and Rekimoto, J. HappinessCounter: smile-encouraging appliance to increase positive mood. ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, (2011), 117--126. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yuki, M., Maddux, W.W., and Masuda, T. Are the windows to the soul the same in the East and West? Cultural differences in using the eyes and mouth as cues to recognize emotions in Japan and the United States. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43, 2 (2007), 303--311.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Video: Wearable Eyes Turn You Into Emotional Cyborg. IEEE Spectrum, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhvHxz1NePQ.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Emotional cyborg: complementing emotional labor with human-agent interaction technology
Recommendations
Emotion AI at Work: Implications for Workplace Surveillance, Emotional Labor, and Emotional Privacy
CHI '23: Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsWorkplaces are increasingly adopting emotion AI, promising benefits to organizations. However, little is known about the perceptions and experiences of workers subject to emotion AI in the workplace. Our interview study with (n=15) US adult workers ...
Emotional cyborg: human extension with agency for emotional labor
HRI '14: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interactionThe author developed wearable eyeglasses robot that supports user's emotional labors. The glass displays user's eye gestures on the surface and produces expressions during user's communication.
Responsive Mouth: Enhancing Your Emotional Skill with Partial Agency
HRI'15 Extended Abstracts: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction Extended AbstractsThe author developed a wearable mouth robot that supports a user's emotional labor. The robot detects people's age, gender, and emotions, and displays mouth gestures on the wearable display for supporting the expression of emotions.
Comments