skip to main content
10.1145/2691195.2691273acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesicegovConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Business models for open government data

Published: 27 October 2014 Publication History

Abstract

The commercial re-use of open government data is broadly expected to generate economic value. However, the practice and study of this trend is still in its infancy. In particular, the issue of value creation in the commercial re-use open government data remains largely unknown. This study aims to further understand how open government data is used to develop commercial products and services. Grounded in the comprehensive data obtained from a sample of 500 US firms that use open government data as part of their business model, we propose a taxonomy that encompasses three business model archetypes (enablers, facilitators, and integrators). Furthermore, we discuss the value proposition of each business model archetype, and subsequently present a framework that describes the value created in the context of the open government data ecosystem. Our framework can be used by both scholars and practitioners in the field of open government data to effectively frame the debate of the value created by the commercial re-use of open government data. Simultaneously, our work can be of benefit to entrepreneurs as it provides a systematic overview, as well as practical insights, of the growing use of open government data in the private sector.

References

[1]
Al-Debei, M. M. and Avison, D. 2010. Developing a unified framework of the business model concept. European Journal of Information Systems. 19, 3 (2010), 359--376.
[2]
Amit, R. and Zott, C. 2001. Value creation in E-business. Strategic Management Journal. 22, 6-7 (2001), 493--520.
[3]
Bagchi, S. and Tulskie, B. 2000. e-business Models: Integrating Learning from Strategy Development Experiences and Empirical Research. 20th Annual International Conference of the Strategic Management Society (2000), 15--18.
[4]
Ballantyne, D. et al. 2011. Value propositions as communication practice: Taking a wider view. Industrial Marketing Management. 40, 2 (2011), 202--210.
[5]
Bates, J. 2012. "This is what modern deregulation looks like": co-optation and contestation in the shaping of the UK's Open Government Data Initiative. The Journal of Community Informatics.
[6]
Bernstein, J. H. 2009. The Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom Hierarchy and its Antithesis. Journal of Information Science. 2, (2009), 68--75.
[7]
Chan, C. M. L. 2013. From Open Data to Open Innovation Strategies: Creating E-Services Using Open Government Data. 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (Jan. 2013), 1890--1899.
[8]
Chesbrough, H. 2010. Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers. Long Range Planning. 43, 2--3 (2010), 354--363.
[9]
Chesbrough, H. W. 2006. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating And Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business School Press.
[10]
Cole, R. J. 2012. Some Observations on the Practice of "Open Data" As Opposed to Its Promise. The Journal of Community Informatics. 8, 2 (2012).
[11]
Cornford, J. et al. 2013. Local governance in the new information ecology: the challenge of building interpretative communities. Public Money & Management. 33, 3 (May 2013), 201--208.
[12]
Cucciniello, M. et al. 2012. Assessing Transparency in Government: Rhetoric, Reality and Desire. IEEE.
[13]
Dander, V. 2013. How to gain knowledge when data are shared? Open Government Data from a media pedagogical perspective. MIT8: media in transition international conference (Boston, 2013).
[14]
Davies, A. and Lithwick, D. 2010. Government 2.0 and Access to Information: 2. Recent Developments in Proactive Disclosure and Open Data in the United States and Other Countries.
[15]
Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Management Review.
[16]
Fayyad, U. et al. 1996. The KDD process for extracting useful knowledge from volumes of data. Communications of the ACM.
[17]
Ferro, E. and Osella, M. 2012. Business Models for PSI Re-Use: A Multidimensional Framework. Using Open Data: Policy Modeling, Citizen Empowerment, Data Journalism (Brussels, 2012).
[18]
Ferro, E. and Osella, M. 2013. Eight Business Model Archetypes for PSI Re-Use. Open Data on the Web (London, 2013).
[19]
Foulonneau, M. et al. 2014. How Open Data Are Turned into Services? Exploring services science: 5th International Conference, IESS 2014. Proceedings (Geneva, Switzerland, 2014), 31--39.
[20]
Fung, A. 2013. Infotopia: Unleashing the Democratic Power of Transparency. Politics & Society. 41, 2 (2013), 183--212.
[21]
Gitelman, L. and Jackson, V. 2013. Raw Data Is an Oxymoron. MIT Press.
[22]
Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L. 1967. The discovery of grounded theory.
[23]
Goldstein, B. and Dyson, L. 2013. Beyond Transparency: Open Data and the Future of Civic Innovation. Code for America Press.
[24]
Gurin, J. 2014. Open Data Now: The Secret to Hot Startups, Smart Investing, Savvy Marketing, and Fast Innovation. McGraw-Hill.
[25]
Gurstein, M. 2011. Open data: Empowering the empowered or effective data use for everyone? First Monday. 16, 2 (2011), 1--10.
[26]
Hammell, R. et al. 2011. Unlocking Growth - How open data creates new opportunities for the UK.
[27]
Harrison, T. et al. 2012. Creating Open Government Ecosystems: A Research and Development Agenda. Future Internet. 4, (2012), 900--928.
[28]
Hartmann, P. M. et al. 2014. Big Data for Big Business? A Taxonomy of Data-Driven Business Models Used by Start-Up Firms.
[29]
Holm, A. B. et al. 2013. Openness in innovation and business models: lessons from the newspaper industry. International Journal of Technology Management. 61, 3/4 (2013), 324.
[30]
Hsieh, H.-F. and Shannon, S. E. 2005. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research. 15, 9 (2005), 1277--1288.
[31]
Huijboom, N. and Van den Broek, T. 2011. Open data: an international comparison of strategies. European Journal of ePractice. 12, (2011).
[32]
Janssen, M. et al. 2012. Benefits, Adoption Barriers and Myths of Open Data and Open Government. Information Systems Management. 29, 4 (2012), 258--268.
[33]
Johnson, J. A. 2013. From Open Data to Information Justice. Midwest Political Science Association Annual Conference (2013).
[34]
Kondracki, N. L. et al. 2002. Content Analysis: Review of Methods and Their Applications in Nutrition Education. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior.
[35]
Krippendorff, K. 2004. Reliability in Content Analysis. Human Communication Research. 30, 3 (Jul. 2004), 411--433.
[36]
Manyika, J. et al. 2013. Open data: Unlocking innovation and performance with liquid information.
[37]
McClean, T. 2011. Not with a Bang but a Whimper: The Politics of Accountability and Open Data in the UK. APSA 2011 Annual Meeting (2011).
[38]
Michalski, R. S. and Stepp, R. E. 1983. Learning from observation: Conceptual clustering. Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach. R. S. Michalski et al., eds. Tioga. 331--363.
[39]
Mintzberg, H. 1980. The Structuring of Organizations: A Synthesis of Research. Administrative Science Quarterly. 25, (1980), 547--552.
[40]
O'Hara, K. 2012. Transparency, open data and trust in government. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual ACM Web Science Conference on - WebSci '12 (New York, New York, USA, Jun. 2012), 223--232.
[41]
Obama, B. 2013. Executive Order -- Making Open and Machine Readable the New Default for Government Information. The White House Office.
[42]
Obama, B. 2009. Transparency and open government. Memorandum for the heads of executive departments and agencies. Federal Register.
[43]
Osterwalder, A. et al. 2005. Clarifying business models: Origins, present, and future of the concept. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 16, 1 (2005), 1--25.
[44]
Osterwalder, A. 2004. The Business Model Ontology: A proposition in a design science approach. Université de Lausanne.
[45]
Parsons, J. and Wand, Y. 2008. Using Cognitive Principles to Guide Classification in Information Systems Modeling.
[46]
Peixoto, T. 2013. The Uncertain Relationship between Open Data and Accountability: A Response to Yu and Robinson's "The New Ambiguity of Open Government." (2013).
[47]
Pollock, R. 2011. Building the (Open) Data Ecosystem. Ideas and musings, Open Data.
[48]
Robinson, D. et al. 2009. Government Data and the Invisible Hand. Yale Journal of Law Technology. 11, 11 (2009), 160--175.
[49]
Ruppert, E. 2013. Doing the Transparent State: open government data as performance indicators. A World of Indicators: The production of knowledge and justice in an interconnected world. J. Mugler and S. J. Park, eds. Cambridge University Press. 51--78.
[50]
Shkabatur, J. 2012. From Open Government Data to Social Accountability.
[51]
Should "Open Government Data" be a product or a service (and why does it matter?): 2013. http://gurstein.wordpress.com/2013/02/03/is-open-government-data-a-product-or-a-service-and-why-does-it-matter/.
[52]
Steininger, D. M. et al. 2011. A Systemizing Research Framework for Web 2.0. 19th European Conference on Information Systems (2011).
[53]
Steininger, D. M. et al. 2013. Building Taxonomies in IS and Management -- A Systematic Approach Based on Content Analysis. Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings (2013), Paper 90.
[54]
Timmers, P. 1998. Business Models for Electronic Markets. Electronic Markets. 8, 2 (1998), 3--8.
[55]
Vries, M. de 2012. Re-use of public sector information -- Catalogue and highlights of studies, cases and key figures on economic effects of changing policies.
[56]
Weber, R. P. 1990. Basic Content Analysis.
[57]
Weber, S. 2004. The Success of Open Source. Harvard University Press Cambridge.
[58]
Weiblen, T. et al. 2013. The Open Business Model: Towards A Common Understanding of an Emerging Concept. European Academy of Management Conference 2013 (2013), 1--30.
[59]
Yu, H. and Robinson, D. G. 2012. The New Ambiguity of "Open Government." Transit. September 2011 (2012), 1--24.
[60]
Zott, C. et al. 2010. The business model: Theoretical roots, recent developments, and future research. IESE Business School.
[61]
Zuiderwijk, A. et al. 2012. Socio-technical Impediments of Open Data. Electronic Journal of e-Government. 10, 2 (2012), 156--172.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Unleashing the Value of Open Government Data: Examining the Influence of Platform and TaskData Intelligence10.3724/2096-7004.di.2024.0050Online publication date: 18-Sep-2024
  • (2023)Secure Data Management Life Cycle for Government Big-Data Ecosystem: Design and Development PerspectiveSystems10.3390/systems1108038011:8(380)Online publication date: 25-Jul-2023
  • (2023)Formulating Open Data-Based Value Propositions: An Evaluation and Comparison of Two Canvas ToolsProceedings of the 24th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research10.1145/3598469.3598506(327-337)Online publication date: 11-Jul-2023
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences
ICEGOV '14: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance
October 2014
563 pages
ISBN:9781605586113
DOI:10.1145/2691195
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Sponsors

  • Macao Foundation, Macao SAR Govt: Macao Foundation, Macao SAR Government
  • Municipio de Guimarães: Municipio de Guimarães

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 27 October 2014

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. business model
  2. intermediaries
  3. open government data
  4. services
  5. value creation

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Conference

ICEGOV2014
Sponsor:
  • Macao Foundation, Macao SAR Govt
  • Municipio de Guimarães

Acceptance Rates

ICEGOV '14 Paper Acceptance Rate 30 of 73 submissions, 41%;
Overall Acceptance Rate 350 of 865 submissions, 40%

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)58
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)5
Reflects downloads up to 22 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Unleashing the Value of Open Government Data: Examining the Influence of Platform and TaskData Intelligence10.3724/2096-7004.di.2024.0050Online publication date: 18-Sep-2024
  • (2023)Secure Data Management Life Cycle for Government Big-Data Ecosystem: Design and Development PerspectiveSystems10.3390/systems1108038011:8(380)Online publication date: 25-Jul-2023
  • (2023)Formulating Open Data-Based Value Propositions: An Evaluation and Comparison of Two Canvas ToolsProceedings of the 24th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research10.1145/3598469.3598506(327-337)Online publication date: 11-Jul-2023
  • (2022)Understanding open data business models from innovation and knowledge management perspectivesBusiness Process Management Journal10.1108/BPMJ-06-2021-037328:2(532-554)Online publication date: 14-Mar-2022
  • (2022)Map-based dashboard design with open government data for learning and analysis of industrial innovation environmentInternational Journal of Cartography10.1080/23729333.2022.20491069:1(97-113)Online publication date: 13-Jun-2022
  • (2021)AI and Data Democratisation for Intelligent Energy ManagementEnergies10.3390/en1414434114:14(4341)Online publication date: 19-Jul-2021
  • (2021)DaLiF: a data lifecycle framework for data-driven governmentsJournal of Big Data10.1186/s40537-021-00481-38:1Online publication date: 14-Jun-2021
  • (2021)Government Big Data Ecosystem: Definitions, Types of Data, Actors, and Roles and the Impact in Public AdministrationsJournal of Data and Information Quality10.1145/342570913:2(1-25)Online publication date: 5-May-2021
  • (2021)Systematic Mapping of Open Data Studies: Classification and Trends From a Technological PerspectiveIEEE Access10.1109/ACCESS.2021.30520259(12968-12988)Online publication date: 2021
  • (2021)Exploring continuance usage intention toward open government data technologies: an integrated approachVINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems10.1108/VJIKMS-10-2020-019553:4(785-807)Online publication date: 9-Jul-2021
  • Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media