skip to main content
10.1145/2739480.2754676acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesgeccoConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

The Effect of Fitness Function Design on Performance in Evolutionary Robotics: The Influence of a Priori Knowledge

Published: 11 July 2015 Publication History

Abstract

Fitness function design is known to be a critical feature of the evolutionary-robotics approach. Potentially, the complexity of evolving a successful controller for a given task can be reduced by integrating a priori knowledge into the fitness function which complicates the comparability of studies in evolutionary robotics. Still, there are only few publications that study the actual effects of different fitness functions on the robot's performance. In this paper, we follow the fitness function classification of Nelson et al. (2009) and investigate a selection of four classes of fitness functions that require different degrees of a priori knowledge. The robot controllers are evolved in simulation using NEAT and we investigate different tasks including obstacle avoidance and (periodic) goal homing. The best evolved controllers were then post-evaluated by examining their potential for adaptation, determining their convergence rates, and using cross-comparisons based on the different fitness function classes. The results confirm that the integration of more a priori knowledge can simplify a task and show that more attention should be paid to fitness function classes when comparing different studies.

References

[1]
J. C. Bongard. Evolutionary robotics. Communications of the ACM, 56(8):74--83, 2013.
[2]
P. Chervenski and S. Ryan. MultiNEAT, project website;. http://www.multineat.com/.
[3]
S. Doncieux and J.-B. Mouret. Dynamic behavioral diversity. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (GECCO'12), pages 1453--1454. ACM, 2012.
[4]
S. Doncieux and J.-B. Mouret. Beyond black-box optimization: a review of selective pressures for evolutionary robotics. Evolutionary Intelligence, 7(2):71--93, 2014.
[5]
Á. E. Eiben, E. Haasdijk, and N. Bredeche. Embodied, on-line, on-board evolution for autonomous robotics. In P. Levi and S. Kernbach, editors, Symbiotic Multi-Robot Organisms: Reliability, Adaptability, Evolution, volume 7 of Cognitive Systems Monographs, pages 362--384. Springer, 2010.
[6]
W. Fan, E. A. Fox, P. Pathak, and H. Wu. The effects of fitness functions on genetic programming-based ranking discovery for web search. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(7):628--636, 2004.
[7]
E. Fast, C. Le Goues, S. Forrest, and W. Weimer. Designing better fitness functions for automated program repair. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (GECCO'10), pages 965--972. ACM, 2010.
[8]
E. Haasdijk and N. Bredeche. Controlling task distribution in MONEE. In Advances In Artificial Life (ECAL'13), pages 671--678, 2013.
[9]
J. Lehman and K. O. Stanley. Exploiting open-endedness to solve problems through the search for novelty. In S. Bullock, J. Noble, R. Watson, and M. A. Bedau, editors, Artificial Life XI: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems, pages 329--336. MIT Press, 2008.
[10]
J. Lehman and K. O. Stanley. Improving evolvability through novelty search and self-adaptation. In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC'11), pages 2693--2700. IEEE, 2011.
[11]
C. López-Pujalte, V. P. Guerrero-Bote, and F. de Moya-Anegón. Order-based fitness functions for genetic algorithms applied to relevance feedback. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 54(2):152--160, 2003.
[12]
J.-B. Mouret and S. Doncieux. Using behavioral exploration objectives to solve deceptive problems in neuro-evolution. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (GECCO'09), pages 627--634. ACM, 2009.
[13]
J.-B. Mouret and S. Doncieux. Encouraging behavioral diversity in evolutionary robotics: an empirical study. Evolutionary Computation, 20(1):91--133, 2012.
[14]
A. L. Nelson, G. J. Barlow, and L. Doitsidis. Fitness functions in evolutionary robotics: A survey and analysis. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 57:345--370, 2009.
[15]
A. L. Nelson and E. Grant. Using direct competition to select for competent controllers in evolutionary robotics. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 54(10):840--857, 2006.
[16]
S. Nolfi and D. Floreano. Evolutionary Robotics: The Biology, Intelligence, and Technology of Self-Organizing Machines. MIT Press, 2000.
[17]
I. G. Sprinkhuizen-Kuyper, R. Kortmann, and E. O. Postma. Fitness functions for evolving box-pushing behaviour. In A. van den Bosch and H. Weigand, editors, Proceedings of the 12th Belgium--Netherlands Artificial Intelligence Conference (BNAIC'00), pages 275--282, 2000.
[18]
C. Sprong. Common tasks in evolutionary robotics, an overview. Technical report, Faculty of Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2011.
[19]
K. Stanley and R. Miikkulainen. Evolving neural networks through augmenting topologies. Evolutionary Computation, 10(2):99--127, 2002.
[20]
K. O. Stanley and R. Miikkulainen. Competitive coevolution through evolutionary complexification. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 21(1):63--100, Jan. 2004.
[21]
J. Stradner, H. Hamann, P. Zahadat, T. Schmickl, and K. Crailsheim. On-line, on-board evolution of reaction-diffusion control for self-adaptation. In C. Adami, D. M. Bryson, C. Ofria, and R. T. Pennock, editors, Alife XIII, pages 597--598. MIT Press, 2012.
[22]
M. Wahby and H. Hamann. On the tradeoff between hardware protection and optimization success: A case study in onboard evolutionary robotics for autonomous parallel parking. In Applications of Evolutionary Computation (EvoApplications 2015), volume 9028 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 759--770. Springer, 2015.

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)Software Product Lines for Development of Evolutionary RobotsProceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B10.1145/3579028.3609018(77-84)Online publication date: 28-Aug-2023
  • (2023)Evolutionary Machine Learning in RoboticsHandbook of Evolutionary Machine Learning10.1007/978-981-99-3814-8_23(657-694)Online publication date: 2-Nov-2023
  • (2022)On the Impact of the Duration of Evaluation Episodes on the Evolution of Adaptive RobotsParallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVII10.1007/978-3-031-14714-2_36(520-529)Online publication date: 14-Aug-2022
  • Show More Cited By
  1. The Effect of Fitness Function Design on Performance in Evolutionary Robotics: The Influence of a Priori Knowledge

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image ACM Conferences
      GECCO '15: Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation
      July 2015
      1496 pages
      ISBN:9781450334723
      DOI:10.1145/2739480
      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

      Sponsors

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 11 July 2015

      Permissions

      Request permissions for this article.

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. evolutionary robotics
      2. fitness function design

      Qualifiers

      • Research-article

      Funding Sources

      • EU-H2020

      Conference

      GECCO '15
      Sponsor:

      Acceptance Rates

      GECCO '15 Paper Acceptance Rate 182 of 505 submissions, 36%;
      Overall Acceptance Rate 1,669 of 4,410 submissions, 38%

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)13
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)6
      Reflects downloads up to 28 Feb 2025

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      Cited By

      View all
      • (2023)Software Product Lines for Development of Evolutionary RobotsProceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B10.1145/3579028.3609018(77-84)Online publication date: 28-Aug-2023
      • (2023)Evolutionary Machine Learning in RoboticsHandbook of Evolutionary Machine Learning10.1007/978-981-99-3814-8_23(657-694)Online publication date: 2-Nov-2023
      • (2022)On the Impact of the Duration of Evaluation Episodes on the Evolution of Adaptive RobotsParallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVII10.1007/978-3-031-14714-2_36(520-529)Online publication date: 14-Aug-2022
      • (2020)Disentangling automatic and semi-automatic approaches to the optimization-based design of control software for robot swarmsNature Machine Intelligence10.1038/s42256-020-0215-02:9(494-499)Online publication date: 10-Aug-2020
      • (2019)Swarm robotics: Robustness, scalability, and self-X features in industrial applicationsit - Information Technology10.1515/itit-2019-000361:4(159-167)Online publication date: 30-Oct-2019
      • (2018)Using Communication for the Evolution of Scalable Role Allocation in Collective RoboticsAdvances in Artificial Intelligence – IBERAMIA 201810.1007/978-3-030-03928-8_27(326-337)Online publication date: 2018
      • (2017)Evolved Control of Natural PlantsACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems10.1145/312464312:3(1-24)Online publication date: 20-Sep-2017

      View Options

      Login options

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      Figures

      Tables

      Media

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media