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Novel ns-3 model enabling simulation of electromagnetic wireless underground networks

Published: 13 May 2015 Publication History

Abstract

Wireless Underground Networks (WUNs) have applications such as agriculture, border surveillance, maintenance of playing fields, and infrastructure monitoring. When designing a sensor network for one of these applications some of the sensors (communication nodes) will be buried underground, which means the propagation medium will be the soil or hybrid (air plus soil) in case of one of the nodes is aboveground. Thus, new models have to be implemented in existing simulators, in order to enable the proper simulation of these communications scenarios.
This paper presents a new model, named underground model, and discusses its integration into the ns-3 simulator. The underground model enables the simulation of WUNs, including network topologies with underground and aboveground nodes. The accuracy of the underground model is shown for two frequency bands by comparing simulations results with experimental results.

References

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X. Dong, M. C. Vuran, and S. Irmak, Autonomous precision agriculture through integration of wireless underground sensor networks with center pivot irrigation systems. Ad Hoc Networks, 1975--1987, 2013.
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T. AL-Kadi, Z. AL-Tuwaijri, and A. AL-Omran, Wireless sensor networks for leakage detection in underground pipelines: A survey paper, in Proc. of AASNET, 491--498, 2013.
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L. G. Kosolapova, V. L. Mironov and S. V. Fomin. Physically and Mineralogically Based Spectroscopic Dielectric Model for Moist Soils. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 47: 2059--2070, 2009.
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H. Xiaoya, G. Chao, W. Bingwen, and X. Wei. Channel Modeling for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks. IEEE 36th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference Workshops, pages 249--254, 2011.
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A. R. Silva. Channel Characterization for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, MSc dissertation, 2010.
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X. Dong and M. C. Vuran. A channel model for wireless underground sensor networks using lateral waves, in Proc. of GLOBECOM, pages 1--6, 2011.
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Z. Sun, I. F. Akyildiz, and G. P. Hancke. Dynamic connectivity in wireless underground sensor networks. Wireless Communications. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 10(12): 4334--4344, 2011.
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Z. Sun and I. F. Akyildiz. Connectivity in wireless underground sensor networks, in Proc of SECON, pages 1--9, 2010.
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P. M. Shankar. "Fading and Shadowing in Wireless Systems", ISBN-13: 978-1461403661, Springer 2012
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S. Conceição. Ns-3 Simulation Model for Underground Networks, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, MSc Dissertation, 2014.
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J. Oliveira. Wi-Fi Underground Wireless Networks, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, MSc Dissertation, 2013.
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A. R. Silva and M. C. Vuran. Development of a Testbed for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, page 14, 2009.
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G. Carneiro, P. Fortuna, and M. Ricardo. Flowmonitor - a network monitoring framework for the network simulator 3 (ns-3), in Proc. of NSTOOLS, Pisa, Italy, 2009.
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S. Conceição, F. Ribeiro, R. Campos, M. Ricardo. A ns-3 based Simulator of TCP/IP Wireless Underground Networks, in Proc. of Wireless Days 2014, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Nov. 2014.
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ns-3 Manual, release ns-3.21, December 2014.
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A. R. Silva and M. C. Vuran. Communication with Aboveground Devices in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: An Empirical Study, in Proc. of IEEE ICC'10, Cape Town, South Africa, May 2010.
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X. Dong, and M. C. Vuran. Exploiting Soil Moisture Information for Adaptive Error Control in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks, in Proc. of GLOBECOM, Atlanta, GA, 2013
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S. Conceição, source code underground model, https://telecom.inescporto.pt/~sconceicao/sourcecode.zip

Cited By

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  • (2020)Computer Network Simulation with ns-3: A Systematic Literature ReviewElectronics10.3390/electronics90202729:2(272)Online publication date: 5-Feb-2020
  • (2018)NS4Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research10.1145/3185467.3185470(1-7)Online publication date: 28-Mar-2018
  • (2016)Evaluation of medium access and a positioning system in wireless underground sensor networks2016 Wireless Days (WD)10.1109/WD.2016.7461482(1-6)Online publication date: Mar-2016

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Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences
WNS3 '15: Proceedings of the 2015 Workshop on ns-3
May 2015
136 pages
ISBN:9781450333757
DOI:10.1145/2756509
  • Conference Chairs:
  • Eric Gamess,
  • Peter D. Barnes,
  • Hajime Tazaki,
  • General Chair:
  • Nicola Baldo
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

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Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 13 May 2015

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Author Tags

  1. ns-3
  2. sensor networks
  3. simulation
  4. wireless underground networks

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  • Research-article

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WNS3 2015
WNS3 2015: Workshop on ns-3
May 13 - 14, 2015
Barcelona, Spain

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WNS3 '15 Paper Acceptance Rate 17 of 27 submissions, 63%;
Overall Acceptance Rate 54 of 82 submissions, 66%

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Cited By

View all
  • (2020)Computer Network Simulation with ns-3: A Systematic Literature ReviewElectronics10.3390/electronics90202729:2(272)Online publication date: 5-Feb-2020
  • (2018)NS4Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research10.1145/3185467.3185470(1-7)Online publication date: 28-Mar-2018
  • (2016)Evaluation of medium access and a positioning system in wireless underground sensor networks2016 Wireless Days (WD)10.1109/WD.2016.7461482(1-6)Online publication date: Mar-2016

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