skip to main content
10.1145/2899361.2899370acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesataccsConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Performance Evaluation of LiDAR Point Clouds towards Automated FOD Detection on Airport Aprons

Published: 30 September 2015 Publication History

Abstract

Both the current system of airport ground control and the continuous implementation efforts of A-SMGCS and Remote Tower concepts require complete and independent surveillance coverage in real-time. We believe that 3D point clouds generated by an actively scanning LiDAR system available at TU Dresden may satisfy these high standards. Nonetheless, the utilization of LiDAR sensing for airport ground surveillance purposes is extremely challenging due to the unique requirement profile in this domain. This is also the reason why existing solutions in other domains such as autonomous driving and robotics are not directly applicable for airport ground surveillance. In a first step, we developed point cloud object detection and segmentation techniques to present that new data comprehensively to the airport apron controller. In this paper, we focused on the timely detection of dislocated objects (foreign object debris, forgotten equipment etc.) as a serious cause to hazardous situations on airport movement areas. The results are promising for various reference targets. However, the detection of very small objects (e.g. socket wrench) requires more elaborate algorithms to take full advantage of the current LiDAR technology. In the future we will assess the strength of LiDAR-based surveillance in terms of the number of hazardous situations that could be avoided or safely managed by the apron controller.

References

[1]
L. Meyer, J. Mund, B. Marek und H. Fricke, "Performance test of LiDAR point cloud data for the support of apron control services," in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Enhanced Solutions for Aircraft and Vehicle Surveillance Applications (ESAVS), Berlin, Germany, 2013.
[2]
J. Mund, L. Meyer und H. Fricke, "LiDAR Performance Requirements and Optimized Sensor Positioning for Point Cloud-based," in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Research in Air Transportation, Istanbul, Turkey, 2014.
[3]
T. Horberry, M. A. Regan und S. R. Toukhsati, "Airport ramp safety and intelligent transport systems," IET Itelligent Transport Systems, pp. 234--240, 12 2007.
[4]
C. Niessen und K. Eyferth, "A model of the air traffic controller's picture," Safety Science, pp. 187--202, 2001.
[5]
Australian Transport Safety Bureau, "Ground operations occurances at Australian airports 1998 to 2008," Canberra, 2010.
[6]
Health and Safety Executive, "Aircraft turnround," Sudbury, 2000.
[7]
Boeing, "Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Airplane Accidents. Worldwide Operations 1959--2011," 2012.
[8]
A. B. E. Koustana, P. Elslande und C. Bastien, "Statistical analysis of "looked-but-failed-to-see" accidents," Accident Analysis & Prevention, Bd. 40, Nr. 2, pp. 461--469, 2008.
[9]
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), "Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual. Doc 9830," ICAO, Montral, 2004.
[10]
F. v. Hundelshausen, M. Himmelsbach, F. Hecker, A. Mueller und H.-J. Wuensche, "Driving with tentacles: Integral structures for sensing and motion," Journal of Field Robotics - Special Issue on the 2007 DARPA Urban Challange, pp. 640--673, 2008.
[11]
T. Nothdurft, P. Hecker, S. Ohl, F. Saust, M. Maurer, A. Reschka und J. Böhmer, "Stadpilot: First fully autonomous test drives in urban traffic," in 14th International IEEE Annual Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Washington D.C, 2011.
[12]
P. Steinemann, J. Klappstein, J. Dickmann, H.-J. Wünsche und F. Hundelshausen, "3D Outline Contours of Vehicles in 3D-LIDAR Measurements for Tracking extended Targets," in Intelligent Vehicle Symposium, Alcala de Henares, Spain, 2012.
[13]
M.-O. Löwer, A. Sasse und P. Hecker, "Needs and potential of 3D-city information and sensor fusion technologies for vehicle positioning in urban environments," in International Workshop on 3D Geo-Information, Belgium, 2009.
[14]
Federal Aviation Administration, "FAA needs to improve ASDE-X management controls to address cost growth, scheduled delays, and safety risks," Washington, 2007.
[15]
G. Galati, "Advanced integrated architecture for airport ground movements surveillance," in Radar Conference, 1995.
[16]
M. Ferri, G. Galati, A. De Fazio und P. Magaro, "Milimetre-wave radar applications in airports: experimental results," in First European Radarn Conference, 2004.
[17]
SESAR Consortium, "The ATM Target Concept D3," SESAR Consortium, Brussels, 2007.
[18]
B. Zhang, W. Smith und S. Walker, "3-D Object recognition from point clouds," in Proceesdings from ILMF, 2011.
[19]
A. Friedrich, "Evaluierung von Methoden zum Erstellen und Aktualisieren von sicherheitskritischen Flughafendatenbanken nach RTCA Do-272a, TU Darmstadt, 2008.
[20]
R. Rasshofer und K. Gressner, "Automotive radar and lidar systems for next generation driver assistance functions," ARS, pp. 205--209, 2005.
[21]
E. Hollnagel, The ETTO Principle: EfficiencyThoroughness Trade-Off, Ashgate, 2009.
[22]
L. Meyer und H. Fricke, "Functional Hazard Analysis of Virtual Control Towers," in Procdgs of 11th IFAC, Valencienne, FR, 2010.
[23]
Federal Aviation Administration, "Avisory Circular 150/5210-24," 2010.
[24]
Eurocontrol, "Information Paper on French Study on Automatic FOD Detection Systems - Workshop Eurocontrol," Brussels, 2008.
[25]
Bureau d'Enquê;tes et d'Analyses pour la sécurité de l'Aviation civile, "Accident on 25 July 2000 to the Concorde. Final Report," Le Bourget, 2002.
[26]
National Aerospace FOD Prevention, Inc., "National Aerospace FOD Prevention, Inc.," {Online}. Available: http://www.nafpi.com.
[27]
I. McCreary, "Runway Safety: FOD, Birds, and the Case for Automated Scanning," Insight SRI, pp. 146--157, 2010.
[28]
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), "Annex 14 - Volume I Aerodrome Design and Operations," ICAO, Montreal, CA, 2009.
[29]
P. Beasley, G. Binns, R. Hodges und R. Badley, "Tarsier, a millimetre wave radar for airport runway debris detection," in EURAD Radar Conference, 2004.
[30]
M. Endsley, "Design and Evaluation for Situation Awareness," 1988.
[31]
M. Endsley, "Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems," HUMAN FACTORS, pp. 32--64, 1995.
[32]
D. Jones und M. R. Endsley, "Sources of situation awareness errors in aviation," Aviat Space Environ Med., 1996.
[33]
M. Hebel, M. Arens und U. Stilla, "Change detection in urban areas by object-based analysis and on-the-fly comparison of multi-view ALS data," ISPRS Journal of Photgametry and Remote Sensing, pp. 52--64, 2013.
[34]
Y. Boykov und K. V., "An Experimental Comparison of Min-Cut/Max-Flow Algorithms for Energy Minimization in Vision," in PAMI, 2004.
[35]
U. Wandinger, "Introduction to Lidar," in Lidar - Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, New York, Springer, 2005, pp. 1--18.
[36]
R. Measures, Laser Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Applications, New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1984, p. 521.
[37]
J. Ludwig, "Bewertung von Sensorstandorten von LiDAR Überwachungstechnik für die optimale Objektdetektion auf dem Standplatz eines Flughafenvorfeldes," 2012. {Online}. Available: http://www.ifl.tu-dresden.de/?dir=Studium/Studien--Diplomarbeiten.
[38]
Neptec Technologies, "OPAL-360 Sensor 2.0. User Manual," 2013.
[39]
M. Endsley, Theoretical underpinnings of situation awareness: A critical review. In M.R. Endsley & D.J. Garland (Eds.), Mahwah, NY, 2000.
[40]
ESARR SRC, "Eurocontrol safety regulatory requirement 4 - risk assess-ment and mitigation in ATM," Eurocontrol, Brussels, BE, 2001.
[41]
J. Johnson, Analysis of Image Forming Systems, 1958.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Pengaruh Koordinasi pada Unit Apron Movement Control (AMC) terhadap On Time Performance (OTP) dalam Proses Docking dan Undocking Aviobridge di Bandar Udara Yogyakarta International AirportAerospace Engineering10.47134/aero.v1i2.24171:2(12)Online publication date: 30-Apr-2024
  • (2024)The road to smart airports: Bibliometric analysis of digital transformation by using R languageWork10.3233/WOR-230737(1-28)Online publication date: 20-Jun-2024
  • (2024)FF-Yolo: A Feature-Fusion Yolo Model for Small Scale FODs Detection in Airport RunwaysPattern Recognition10.1007/978-3-031-78113-1_4(45-60)Online publication date: 4-Dec-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences
ATACCS '15: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Application and Theory of Automation in Command and Control Systems
September 2015
176 pages
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

In-Cooperation

  • Eurocontrol: Eurocontrol

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 30 September 2015

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. FOD
  2. LiDAR
  3. airport surveillance
  4. apron control
  5. apron management service
  6. foreign object debris
  7. laser scanning
  8. object detection
  9. point cloud

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed limited

Conference

ATACCS '15

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 14 of 42 submissions, 33%

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)23
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)3
Reflects downloads up to 15 Feb 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Pengaruh Koordinasi pada Unit Apron Movement Control (AMC) terhadap On Time Performance (OTP) dalam Proses Docking dan Undocking Aviobridge di Bandar Udara Yogyakarta International AirportAerospace Engineering10.47134/aero.v1i2.24171:2(12)Online publication date: 30-Apr-2024
  • (2024)The road to smart airports: Bibliometric analysis of digital transformation by using R languageWork10.3233/WOR-230737(1-28)Online publication date: 20-Jun-2024
  • (2024)FF-Yolo: A Feature-Fusion Yolo Model for Small Scale FODs Detection in Airport RunwaysPattern Recognition10.1007/978-3-031-78113-1_4(45-60)Online publication date: 4-Dec-2024
  • (2023)Mobile Detecting Methods for Small Objects on Airport Surfaces2023 IEEE 5th International Conference on Civil Aviation Safety and Information Technology (ICCASIT)10.1109/ICCASIT58768.2023.10351756(506-511)Online publication date: 11-Oct-2023
  • (2023)Human-assisted robotic detection of foreign object debris inside confined spaces of marine vessels using probabilistic mappingRobotics and Autonomous Systems10.1016/j.robot.2022.104349161(104349)Online publication date: Mar-2023
  • (2022)Semantic Segmentation of FOD Using an Improved Deeplab V3+ Model2022 12th International Conference on CYBER Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER)10.1109/CYBER55403.2022.9907730(791-796)Online publication date: 27-Jul-2022
  • (2021)MPRR and Pegasis Routing Protocol comparison for Aerospace application2021 IEEE 8th International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace)10.1109/MetroAeroSpace51421.2021.9511733(381-386)Online publication date: 23-Jun-2021
  • (2021)The identification of aircraft without enough point cloud data2021 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Civil Aviation Safety and Information Technology (ICCASIT)10.1109/ICCASIT53235.2021.9633527(174-178)Online publication date: 20-Oct-2021
  • (2020)3D Modeling of the airport environment for fast and accurate LiDAR semantic segmentation of apron operations2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256495(1-10)Online publication date: 11-Oct-2020
  • (2016)Design and Field Feasibility Evaluation of Distributed-Type 96 GHz FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar Based on Radio-Over-Fiber and Optical Frequency MultiplierJournal of Lightwave Technology10.1109/JLT.2016.257846234:20(4835-4843)Online publication date: 15-Oct-2016

View Options

Login options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media