research-article

Can We Interpret the Depth?: Evaluating Variation in Stereoscopic Depth for Encoding Aspects of Non-Spatial Data

Authors:

Ragaad AlTarawneh,

Shah Rukh Humayoun,

Achim EbertAuthors Info & Claims

NordiCHI '16: Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction

Article No.: 14, Pages 1 - 10

https://doi.org/10.1145/2971485.2971545

Published: 23 October 2016 Publication History

Abstract

Rendering a 2D node-link representation on a stereoscopic platform supports the idea of having a natural focus+context interaction. In this case, stereoscopic depth can be used to encode the different levels of detail in compound graphs, especially for highlighting the structural relations. We propose an approach that provides a novel interactive operation for expanding or contracting nodes in compound graphs to align these nodes in the 3D space with minimum occlusion, such that the children levels are rendered in a plane closer to the viewer than the parent node. Different visual cues can also be used together to encode other data aspects, e.g., color for encoding node status or shape for encoding node type. The focus of this paper is on a controlled user study that we conducted with 30 participants to evaluate the approach using different configurations. The aim of the study was to understand the viewers' ability of detecting the variation in stereoscopic depth as well as the influence of graph size and the transparency on this ability in terms of accuracy and efficiency. Further, we were interested to measure the participants' acceptance towards our approach of using the stereoscopic depth as a cue for compound graphs. The study results show that stereoscopic depth can be used to encode data aspects of compound graphs under certain circumstances.

References

[1]

Alper, B., Höllerer, T., Kuchera-Morin, J., and Forbes, A. Stereoscopic highlighting: 2d graph visualization on stereo displays. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 17, 12 (2011), 2325--2333.

Digital Library

[2]

AlTarawneh, R., Humayoun, S. R., and Ebert, A. Expand: A stereoscopic expanding technique for compound graphs. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, VRST 2014, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, November 11-13, 2014 (2014), 223--224.

Digital Library

[3]

AlTarawneh, R., Humayoun, S. R., Schultz, J., Ebert, A., and Liggesmeyer, P. Layman: A visual interactive tool to support failure analysis in embedded systems. In Proceedings of the 2015 European Conference on Software Architecture Workshops, Dubrovnik/Cavtat, Croatia, September 7-11, 2015 (2015), 68:1--68:5.

Digital Library

[4]

AlTarawneh, R., Schultz, J., and Humayoun, S. R. Clue: An algorithm for expanding clustered graphs. In PacificVis 2014, Yokohama, Japan (2014).

Digital Library

[5]

Brandes, U., Dwyer, T., and Schreiber, F. Visualizing Related Metabolic Pathways in Two and a Half Dimensions, vol. 2912 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004, 111--122.

[6]

Broy, N., Alt, F., Schneegass, S., Henze, N., and Schmidt, A. Perceiving layered information on 3d displays using binocular disparity. In Proceedings of the 2Nd ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays, PerDis '13, ACM (New York, NY, USA, 2013), 61--66.

Digital Library

[7]

Bruce, N. D. B., and Tsotsos, J. K. An attentional framework for stereo vision. In Second Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision (CRV) 2005), 9-11 May 2005, Victoria, BC, Canada (2005), 88--95.

Digital Library

[8]

Cockburn, A., and McKenzie, B. Evaluating the effectiveness of spatial memory in 2d and 3d physical and virtual environments. In CHI '02, ACM (New York, NY, USA, 2002), 203--210.

Digital Library

[9]

Collins, C., and Carpendale, S. Carpendale s: Vislink: revealing relationships amongst visualizations. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 2007.

Digital Library

[10]

Deller, M., Ebert, A., Agne, S., and Steffen, D. Guiding attention in information-rich virtual environments. J. Villanueva, Ed., International Association of Science and Technology for Development (IASTED), ACTA Press (9 2008), 310--315.

[11]

Dix, A., Finlay, J. E., Abowd, G. D., and Beale, R. Human-Computer Interaction (3rd Edition). Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2003.

Digital Library

[12]

Eades, P., and Feng, Q.-W. Multilevel Visualization of Clustered Graphs. In Proc. Graph Drawing, GD, no. 1190, Springer-Verlag (Berlin, Germany, JanAug-Feb0~ 1996), 101--112.

Digital Library

[13]

Grossman, T., and Balakrishnan, R. An evaluation of depth perception on volumetric displays. In AVI '06, ACM (New York, NY, USA, 2006), 193--200.

Digital Library

[14]

Herman, I., Melancon, G., and Marshall, M. S. Graph visualization and navigation in information visualization: A survey. IEEE Transaction on Visualization and Computer Graphics 6, 1 (2000), 24--43.

Digital Library

[15]

Holten, D. Hierarchical edge bundles: Visualization of adjacency relations in hierarchical data. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 12, 5 (2006), 741--748.

Digital Library

[16]

Laha, B., Sensharma, K., Schiffbauer, J. D., and Bowman, D. A. Effects of immersion on visual analysis of volume data. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 18, 4 (April 2012), 597--606.

Digital Library

[17]

Marr, D. Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. Henry Holt and Co., Inc. New York, NY, USA, 1982.

Digital Library

[18]

Munzner, T. H3: laying out large directed graphs in 3d hyperbolic space. In InfoVis '97, IEEE Computer Society (Washington, DC, USA, 1997), 2--10.

Digital Library

[19]

Peterson, S. D., Axholt, M., and Ellis, S. R. Technical section: Objective and subjective assessment of stereoscopically separated labels in augmented reality. Comput. Graph. 33 (February 2009), 23--33.

Digital Library

[20]

Reda, K., Febretti, A., Knoll, A., Aurisano, J., Leigh, J., Johnson, A., Papka, M. E., and Hereld, M. Visualizing large, heterogeneous data in hybrid-reality environments. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 33, 4 (2013), 38--48.

Digital Library

[21]

Robertson, G. G., Mackinlay, J. D., and Card, S. K. Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In CHI '91, ACM (New York, NY, USA, 1991), 189--194.

Digital Library

[22]

Tanaka, Y., Okada, Y., and Niijima, K. Treecube: Visualization tool for browsing 3d multimedia data. In IV '03 (2003), 427--432.

Digital Library

[23]

Van Wijk, J. J., and van de Wetering, H. Cushion treemaps: Visualization of hierarchical information. In InfoVis '99, IEEE Computer Society (Washington, DC, USA, 1999), 73--78.

Digital Library

[24]

Wang, J., Callet, P. L., Tourancheau, S., Ricordel, V., and Silva, M. P. D. Study of depth bias of observers in free viewing of still stereoscopic synthetic stimuli. Journal of Eye Movement Research 5, 5 (2012).

[25]

Ware, C. Information Visualization: Perception for Design (Interactive Technologies), 1st ed. Morgan Kaufmann, 2000.

Digital Library

[26]

Ware, C., and Franck, G. Evaluating stereo and motion cues for visualizing information nets in three dimensions. ACM Trans. Graph. 15 (April 1996), 121--140.

Digital Library

Cited By

Friedl‐Knirsch JPointecker FPfistermüller SStach CAnthes CRoth D(2024)A Systematic Literature Review of User Evaluation in Immersive AnalyticsComputer Graphics Forum10.1111/cgf.1511143:3Online publication date: 10-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.15111
Akula RGaribay I(2019)VizTract: Visualization of Complex Social Networks for Easy User PerceptionBig Data and Cognitive Computing10.3390/bdcc30100173:1(17)Online publication date: 21-Feb-2019
https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3010017

Index Terms

Can We Interpret the Depth?: Evaluating Variation in Stereoscopic Depth for Encoding Aspects of Non-Spatial Data
1. Computing methodologies
  1. Artificial intelligence
    1. Computer vision
      1. Computer vision problems
      2. Computer vision tasks
        Scene understanding
  2. Computer graphics

Recommendations

ExpanD: a stereoscopic expanding technique for compound graphs
VRST '14: Proceedings of the 20th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology

In this work, we present a new technique, called ExpanD, for expanding compound nodes in stereoscopic platforms. In this technique, stereoscopic depth is used to encode the structural relationships in compound graphs using the containment representation, ...
Clinically Normal Stereopsis Does Not Ensure a Performance Benefit from Stereoscopic 3D Depth Cues

To investigate the effect of manipulating disparity on task performance and viewing comfort, twelve participants were tested on a virtual object precision placement task while viewing a stereoscopic 3D (S3D) display. All participants had normal or ...
Tracking Articulated Hand Underlying Graphical Model with Depth Cue
CISP '08: Proceedings of the 2008 Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Vol. 4 - Volume 04

Visual tracking of articulated objects in real 3D space is challenging with applications in advanced human–computer interfaces and gesture semantic understanding. In this paper, graphical model, constructing articulated human hand, and NBP algorithm ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences

NordiCHI '16: Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction

October 2016

1045 pages

ISBN:9781450347631

DOI:10.1145/2971485

General Chairs:
Staffan Björk
University of Gothenburg
,
Eva Eriksson
Chalmers University of Technology
,
Program Chairs:
Morten Fjeld
Chalmers University of Technology
,
Susanne Bødker
University of Aarhus
,
Publications Chairs:
Wolmet Barendregt
University of Gothenburg
,
Mohammad Obaid
Chalmers University of Technology

Copyright © 2016 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

In-Cooperation

Chalmers University of Technology
SIGCHI: ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 23 October 2016

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed limited

Conference

NordiCHI '16

NordiCHI '16: 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction

October 23 - 27, 2016

Gothenburg, Sweden

Acceptance Rates

NordiCHI '16 Paper Acceptance Rate 58 of 231 submissions, 25%;

Overall Acceptance Rate 379 of 1,572 submissions, 24%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

2
Total Citations
View Citations
92
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)5
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0

Reflects downloads up to 03 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Friedl‐Knirsch JPointecker FPfistermüller SStach CAnthes CRoth D(2024)A Systematic Literature Review of User Evaluation in Immersive AnalyticsComputer Graphics Forum10.1111/cgf.1511143:3Online publication date: 10-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.15111
Akula RGaribay I(2019)VizTract: Visualization of Complex Social Networks for Easy User PerceptionBig Data and Cognitive Computing10.3390/bdcc30100173:1(17)Online publication date: 21-Feb-2019
https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3010017

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Table of Conten