research-article

Virtual ball catching performance in different camera views

Authors:

Felipe Marjalizo Alonso,

Raine Kajastila,

Mikael Matveinen,

Perttu HämäläinenAuthors Info & Claims

AcademicMindtrek '16: Proceedings of the 20th International Academic Mindtrek Conference

Pages 104 - 112

https://doi.org/10.1145/2994310.2994335

Published: 17 October 2016 Publication History

Abstract

Virtual camera design is an important but tricky part of creating virtual reality experiences; interaction can feel awkward if the camera is not placed exactly at the user's eyes, but on the other hand a 3rd person perspective (3PP) can provide a better view of the environment and/or the avatar. To inform camera design, we contribute the first study that systematically explores and quantifies how interaction difficulty changes when the camera is moved between a natural 1st person perspective (1PP) and a typical 3PP where the camera is behind and above the user. In our experiment, 24 participants catched flying virtual balls in seven different camera views. Catching performance degraded almost linearly as a function of camera distance from 1PP, and adaptation to non-1PP was slow or non-existent after a quick initial and partial adaptation. Our result suggest that natural 1PP should be used whenever possible, and transitions between views should be minimized to minimize the user constantly struggling to adapt. We also discuss how our results can be explained by the relation of camera perspective and retinal optical flow, and what interaction techniques can mitigate 3PP interaction problems.

References

[1]

K. W. Arthur, K. S. Booth, and C. Ware. Evaluating 3D task performance for fish tank virtual worlds. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 11(3):239--265, July 1993.

Digital Library

[2]

S. Bateman, A. Doucette, R. Xiao, C. Gutwin, R. L. Mandryk, and A. Cockburn. Effects of view, input device, and track width on video game driving. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2011, {GI} '11, pages 207--214, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2011. Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society.

Digital Library

[3]

S. Bennett, J. van der Kamp, G. J. P. Savelsbergh, and K. Davids. Timing a one-handed catch. Experimental Brain Research, 129(3):362--368, 1999.

[4]

S. J. Bennett, J. van der Kamp, G. J. P. Savelsbergh, and K. Davids. Discriminating the role of binocular information in the timing of a one-handed catch. Experimental Brain Research, 135(3):341--347, 2000.

[5]

B. Bideau, F. Multon, R. Kulpa, L. Fradet, B. Arnaldi, and P. Delamarche. Using virtual reality to analyze links between handball thrower kinematics and goalkeeper's reactions. Neuroscience Letters, 372(1--2):119--122, 2004.

[6]

J. Boritz and K. S. Booth. A study of interactive 3D point location in a computer simulated virtual environment. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual reality software and technology, VRST '97, pages 181--187, New York, NY, USA, 1997. ACM.

Digital Library

[7]

R. Bulson, K. J. Ciuffreda, and D. P. Ludlam. Effect of binocular vs. monocular viewing on golf putting accuracy. Journal of Behavioral Optometry, 20(2):31--34, 2009.

[8]

O. Chapuis and P. Dragicevic. Effects of motor scale, visual scale, and quantization on small target acquisition difficulty. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., 18(3):13:1--13:32, 2011.

Digital Library

[9]

M. Claypool and K. Claypool. Latency and player actions in online games. Commun. ACM, 49(11):40--45, 2006.

Digital Library

[10]

J. E. Cutting, K. Springer, P. A. Braren, and S. H. Johnson. Wayfinding on foot from information in retinal, not optical, flow. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121(1):41, 1992.

[11]

J. E. Cutting and P. M. Vishton. Perceiving layout and knowing distances: The integration, relative potency, and contextual use of different information about depth. In W. Epstein and S. Rogers, editors, Handbook of perception and cognition, volume 5, pages 69--117. Academic press, San Diego, CA., 1995.

[12]

P. W. Fink, P. S. Foo, and W. H. Warren. Catching fly balls in virtual reality: A critical test of the outfielder problem. Journal of Vision, 9(13), 2009.

[13]

H. S. Greenwald and D. C. Knill. Cue integration outside central fixation: a study of grasping in depth. Journal of vision, 9(2):11.1--16, Jan. 2009.

[14]

T. Heinen and P. M Vinken. Monocular and binocular vision in the performance of a complex skill. Journal of sports science & medicine, 10(3):520--7, Jan. 2011.

[15]

A. W. Hubbard and C. N. Seng. Visual Movements of Batters. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 25(1):42--57, 1954.

[16]

G. S. Hubona, G. W. Shirah, D. K. Jennings, and A. C. Theory. The Effects of Cast Shadows and Stereopsis on Performing Computer-Generated Spatial Tasks. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans, 34(4):483--493, 2004.

Digital Library

[17]

G. S. Hubona, P. N. Wheeler, G. W. Shirah, and M. Brandt. The relative contributions of stereo, lighting, and background scenes in promoting 3D depth visualization. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., 6(3):214--242, 1999.

Digital Library

[18]

S. J. Judge and C. M. Bradford. Adaptation to telestereoscopic viewing measured by one-handed ball-catching performancee. Perception, 17(6):783--802, 1988.

[19]

D. C. Knill. Reaching for visual cues to depth: The brain combines depth cues differently for motor control and perception. Journal of Vision, 5(2):103--115, 2005.

[20]

M. Kytö, A. Mäkinen, T. Tossavainen, and P. Oittinen. Stereoscopic depth perception in video see-through augmented reality within action space. Journal of Electronic Imaging, 23(1):011006-1-10, Mar. 2014.

[21]

D. M. Laby, D. G. Kirschen, and P. N. Pantall. The Visual Function of Olympic-Level Athletes --- An Initial Report. Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical, 37(3):116--122, 2011.

[22]

R. V. Liere, J. O. S. Martens, A. J. F. Kok, and M. H. A. V. V. Tienen. Interacting with Molecular Structures: User Performance versus System Complexity. In EGVE'05 Proceedings of the 11th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments, pages 147--156, 2005.

Digital Library

[23]

J. M. Loomis, J. J. Blascovich, and A. C. Beall. Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(4):557--564, 1999.

[24]

L. I. N. Mazyn, M. Lenoir, G. Montagne, C. Delaey, and G. J. P. Savelsbergh. Stereo vision enhances the learning of a catching skill. Experimental brain research, 179(4):723--6, June 2007.

[25]

L. I. N. Mazyn, M. Lenoir, G. Montagne, and G. J. P. Savelsbergh. The contribution of stereo vision to one-handed catching. Experimental brain research, 157(3):383--90, Aug. 2004.

[26]

B. J. Mohler, S. H. Creem-regehr, W. B. Thompson, and H. Bulthoff. The Effect of Viewing a Self-Avatar on Distance Judgments in an HMD-Based Virtual Environment. Presence, 19(3):230--242, 2010.

Digital Library

[27]

W. F. Reinhart. Comparison of depth cues for relative depth judgments. In Proc. SPIE Vol. 1256, Stereoscopic Displays and Applications, pages 12--21, Santa Clara, CA, USA, 1990.

[28]

R. S. Renner, E. Steindecker, M. Muller, B. M. Velichovsky, R. Stelzer, S. Pannasch, and J. R. Helmert. The Influence of the Stereo Base on Blind and Sighted Reaches in a Virtual Environment. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept., 12(2):1--18, 2015.

Digital Library

[29]

R. Rouse, III. What's your perspective? SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph., 33(3):9--12, 1999.

Digital Library

[30]

P. Salamin, T. Tadi, O. Blanke, F. Vexo, and D. Thalmann. Quantifying Effects of Exposure to the Third and First-Person Perspectives in Virtual-Reality-Based Training. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 3(3):272--276, 2010.

Digital Library

[31]

P. Salamin, D. Thalmann, and F. Vexo. The benefits of third-person perspective in virtual and augmented reality? In Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology, VRST '06, pages 27--30, New York, USA, 2006. ACM.

Digital Library

[32]

P. Salamin, D. Thalmann, and F. Vexo. Improved third-person perspective: a solution reducing occlusion of the 3PP? In Proceedings of The 7th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry, VRCAI '08, pages 30:1--30:6, New York, USA, 2008. ACM.

Digital Library

[33]

R. A. Schmidt and C. A. Wrisberg. Motor Learning and Performance. Human Kinetics, 4rd edition, 2008.

[34]

J. Schomaker, J. Tesch, H. H. Bülthoff, and J.-P. Bresciani. It is all me: the effect of viewpoint on visual-vestibular recalibration. Experimental Brain Research, 213(2--3):245--256, 2011.

[35]

Takaakikato and T. Fukuda. Visual Search Strategies of Baseball Batters: Eye Movements During the Preparatory Phase of Batting. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94(2):380--386, 2002.

[36]

T. M. Takala, P. Hämäläinen, M. Matveinen, T. Simonen, and J. Takatalo. Enhancing Spatial Perception and User Experience in Video Games with Volumetric Shadows. In Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference: Augmentation, Application, Innovation, Collaboration Pages 267--276, pages 267--276, 2013.

Digital Library

[37]

T. M. Takala, R. Pugliese, P. Rauhamaa, and T. Takala. Reality-based user interface system (Ruis). In IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI), pages 141--142, 2011.

Digital Library

[38]

D. S. Tan, M. Czerwinski, and G. Robertson. Women go with the (optical) flow. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '03, pages 209--215, New York, USA, 2003. ACM.

Digital Library

[39]

R. J. Teather and W. Stuerzlinger. Guidelines for 3D positioning techniques. In Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Future Play, Future Play '07, pages 61--68, New York, USA, 2007. ACM.

Digital Library

[40]

K. I. Ustinova, J. Perkins, L. Szostakowski, L. S. Tamkei, and W. A. Leonard. Effect of viewing angle on arm reaching while standing in a virtual environment: Potential for virtual rehabilitation. Acta Psychologica, 133(2):180--190, 2010.

[41]

M. Valente, D. Sobrero, A. Brogni, and D. Caldwell. Intercepting Virtual Ball in Immersive Virtual Environment. In R. Shumaker, editor, Virtual and Mixed Reality - New Trends, number 6773 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 214--222. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

Digital Library

[42]

P. van Hof, J. van der Kamp, and G. J. P. Savelsbergh. Three- to eight-month-old infants' catching under monocular and binocular vision. Human movement science, 25(1):18--36, Feb. 2006.

[43]

L. Wanger, J. Ferwerda, and D. Greenberg. Perceiving spatial relationships in computer-generated images. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 12(3):44--58, May 1992.

Digital Library

[44]

C. Ware, K. Arthur, and K. Booth. Fish tank virtual reality. In Proceedings of the INTERACT'93 and CHI'93, pages 37--42, 1993.

Digital Library

[45]

C. Ware and R. Balakrishnan. Reaching for objects in VR displays: lag and frame rate. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., 1(4):331--356, 1994.

Digital Library

[46]

J. Warren and D. J. Hannon. Eye movements and optical flow. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 7(1):160--169, 1990.

[47]

J. Wright and E. Brandt. System-level MIDI performance testing. In Proc. 2001 Intl. Computer Music Conf., pages 318--321, 2001.

[48]

F. T. Zaal and C. F. Michaels. The information for catching fly balls: Judging and intercepting virtual balls in a CAVE. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29(3):537--555, 2003.

Cited By

Lefebvre MDoppia TDoué ARoy RPeysakhovich VGrollman DBroadbent EJu WSoh HWilliams T(2024)Impact of Body Movement and Teleoperation Interface on Operator's PerformanceCompanion of the 2024 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction10.1145/3610978.3640645(659-663)Online publication date: 11-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610978.3640645
Wang YHu ZLi PYao SLiu H(2022)Multiple perspectives integration for virtual reality-aided assemblability assessment in narrow assembly spacesThe International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology10.1007/s00170-021-08292-9119:3-4(2495-2508)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2022
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08292-9
Evin IPesola TKaos MTakala THämäläinen PMirza-Babaei PMcArthur VVanden Abeele VBirk M(2020)3PP-R: Enabling Natural Movement in 3rd Person Virtual RealityProceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play10.1145/3410404.3414239(438-449)Online publication date: 2-Nov-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3410404.3414239
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Virtual ball catching performance in different camera views
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Human computer interaction (HCI)
    1. Empirical studies in HCI
    2. Interaction paradigms
      1. Virtual reality

Recommendations

Synthesizing fixed point of views from a spinning omnidirectional ball camera
AH '17: Proceedings of the 8th Augmented Human International Conference

Recent years have seen the emergence of a new way to watch sports, that is, watching them from the ball's point of view (POV) taken with cameras embedded in the ball. The problem, however, is that the ball's POV is unstable since the ball spins. In this ...
Binocular eye tracking calibration during a virtual ball catching task using head mounted display
SAP '16: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception

When tracking the eye movements of an active observer, the quality of the tracking data is continuously affected by physical shifts of the eye-tracker on an observers head. This is especially true for eye-trackers integrated within virtual-reality (VR) ...
A hierarchy of cameras for 3D photography
Model-based and image-based 3D scene representation for interactive visalization

The view-independent visualization of 3D scenes is most often based on rendering accurate 3D models or utilizes image-based rendering techniques. To compute the 3D structure of a scene from a moving vision sensor or to use image-based rendering ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences

AcademicMindtrek '16: Proceedings of the 20th International Academic Mindtrek Conference

October 2016

483 pages

ISBN:9781450343671

DOI:10.1145/2994310

Copyright © 2016 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 17 October 2016

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Conference

AcademicMindtrek'16

AcademicMindtrek'16: Academic Mindtrek Conference 2016

October 17 - 18, 2016

Tampere, Finland

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 110 of 207 submissions, 53%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

5
Total Citations
View Citations
226
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)14
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)2

Reflects downloads up to 03 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Lefebvre MDoppia TDoué ARoy RPeysakhovich VGrollman DBroadbent EJu WSoh HWilliams T(2024)Impact of Body Movement and Teleoperation Interface on Operator's PerformanceCompanion of the 2024 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction10.1145/3610978.3640645(659-663)Online publication date: 11-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610978.3640645
Wang YHu ZLi PYao SLiu H(2022)Multiple perspectives integration for virtual reality-aided assemblability assessment in narrow assembly spacesThe International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology10.1007/s00170-021-08292-9119:3-4(2495-2508)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2022
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08292-9
Evin IPesola TKaos MTakala THämäläinen PMirza-Babaei PMcArthur VVanden Abeele VBirk M(2020)3PP-R: Enabling Natural Movement in 3rd Person Virtual RealityProceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play10.1145/3410404.3414239(438-449)Online publication date: 2-Nov-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3410404.3414239
Bhandari NO'Neill E(2020)Influence of Perspective on Dynamic Tasks in Virtual Reality2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)10.1109/VR46266.2020.1580764402138(939-948)Online publication date: Mar-2020
https://doi.org/10.1109/VR46266.2020.1580764402138
Bhandari NO'Neill E(2020)Influence of Perspective on Dynamic Tasks in Virtual Reality2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)10.1109/VR46266.2020.00114(939-948)Online publication date: Mar-2020
https://doi.org/10.1109/VR46266.2020.00114

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Table of Conten