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DaRe: Data Recovery through Application Layer Coding for LoRaWAN

Published: 18 April 2017 Publication History

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) solutions are increasingly being deployed for smart applications. To provide good communication for the increasing number of smart applications, there is a need for low cost and long range Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies. LoRaWAN is an energy efficient and inexpensive LPWAN solution that is rapidly being adopted all around the world. However, LoRaWAN does not guarantee reliable communication in its basic configuration. Transmitted frames can be lost due to the channel effects and mobility of the end-devices. In this study, we perform extensive measurements on a new LoRaWAN network to characterise spatial and temporal properties of the LoRaWAN channel. The empirical outage probability for the farthest measured distance from the closest gateway of 7.5 km in our deployment is as low as 0.004, but the frame loss measured at this distance was up to 70%. Furthermore, we show that burstiness in frame loss can be expected for both mobile and stationary scenarios. Frame loss results in data loss, since in the basic configuration frames are only transmitted once. To reduce data loss in LoRaWAN, we design a novel coding scheme for data recovery called DaRe, which extends frames with redundant information that is calculated from the data from previous frames. DaRe combines techniques from convolutional codes and fountain codes. We develop an implementation for DaRe and show that 99% of the data can be recovered with a code rate of 1/2 for up to 40% frame loss. Compared to repetition coding DaRe provides 21% more data recovery, and can save up to 42% energy consumption on transmission for 10 byte data units. DaRe also provides better resilience to bursty frame loss. This study provides useful results to both LoRaWAN network operators as well as developers of LoRaWAN applications. Network operators can use the characterisation results to identify possible weaknesses in the network, and application developers are offered a tool to prevent possible data loss.

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  • (2024)Reliability of LoRaWAN Communications in Mining Environments: A Survey on Challenges and Design RequirementsJournal of Sensor and Actuator Networks10.3390/jsan1301001613:1(16)Online publication date: 9-Feb-2024
  • (2024)RTPL: A Real-Time Communication Protocol for LoRa NetworkACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems10.1145/370220924:1(1-31)Online publication date: 10-Dec-2024
  • (2024)FLoRa+: Energy-efficient, Reliable, Beamforming-assisted, and Secure Over-the-air Firmware Update in LoRa NetworksACM Transactions on Sensor Networks10.1145/364154820:3(1-28)Online publication date: 23-Feb-2024
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cover image ACM Conferences
IoTDI '17: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation
April 2017
353 pages
ISBN:9781450349666
DOI:10.1145/3054977
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

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Published: 18 April 2017

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Author Tags

  1. DaRe
  2. LPWAN
  3. LoRa
  4. LoRaWAN
  5. application layer coding
  6. burstiness
  7. channel coding
  8. convolutional code
  9. data recovery
  10. erasure coding
  11. forward error correction
  12. fountain code
  13. network measurements

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Cited By

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  • (2024)Reliability of LoRaWAN Communications in Mining Environments: A Survey on Challenges and Design RequirementsJournal of Sensor and Actuator Networks10.3390/jsan1301001613:1(16)Online publication date: 9-Feb-2024
  • (2024)RTPL: A Real-Time Communication Protocol for LoRa NetworkACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems10.1145/370220924:1(1-31)Online publication date: 10-Dec-2024
  • (2024)FLoRa+: Energy-efficient, Reliable, Beamforming-assisted, and Secure Over-the-air Firmware Update in LoRa NetworksACM Transactions on Sensor Networks10.1145/364154820:3(1-28)Online publication date: 23-Feb-2024
  • (2024)Burst-MAC: A MAC Protocol for Handling Burst Traffic in LoRa Network2024 IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS)10.1109/RTSS62706.2024.00022(148-160)Online publication date: 10-Dec-2024
  • (2023)Evaluation of energy consumption of LPWAN technologiesEURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking10.1186/s13638-023-02322-82023:1Online publication date: 13-Dec-2023
  • (2023)Exploiting Rateless Codes and Cross-layer Optimization for Low-power Wide-area NetworksACM Transactions on Sensor Networks10.1145/354456018:4(1-24)Online publication date: 31-Jan-2023
  • (2023)SLoRa: A Systematic Framework for Synergic Interference Resilience In LPWAN2023 IEEE 31st International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP)10.1109/ICNP59255.2023.10355625(1-11)Online publication date: 10-Oct-2023
  • (2021)ChirpBox: An Infrastructure-Less LoRa TestbedProceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks10.5555/3451271.3451282(115-126)Online publication date: 20-Feb-2021
  • (2021)LoRa Channel Characterization for Flexible and High Reliability Adaptive Data Rate in Multiple Gateways NetworksComputers10.3390/computers1004004410:4(44)Online publication date: 2-Apr-2021
  • (2020)Fragmentation and Forward Error Correction for LoRaWAN small MTU networksProceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks10.5555/3400306.3400363(289-294)Online publication date: 17-Feb-2020
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