ABSTRACT
Charging mobile devices "fast" has been the focus of both industry and academia, leading to the deployment of various fast charging technologies. However, existing fast charging solutions are agnostic of users' available time for charging their devices, causing early termination of the intended/planned charging. This, in turn, accelerates the capacity fading of device battery and thus shortens the device operation. In this paper, we propose a novel user-interactive charging paradigm, called iCharge, that tailors the device charging to the user's real-time availability and need. The core of iCharge is a relaxation-aware (R-Aware) charging algorithm that maximizes the charged capacity within the user's available time and slows down the battery's capacity fading. iCharge also integrates R-Aware with existing fast charging algorithms via a user-interactive interface, allowing users to choose a charging method based on their availability and need. We evaluate iCharge via extensive laboratory experiments and field-tests on Android phones, as well as user studies. R-Aware is shown to slow down the battery fading by more than 36% on average, and up to 60% in extreme cases, when compared to existing fast charging algorithms. This slowdown of capacity fading translates to, for instance, an up to 2-hour extension of the LTE time for a Nexus 5X phone after its use for 2 years, according to our trace-driven analysis of 976 device charging cases of 7 users over 3 months.
- Battery Monitoring Basics. https://training.ti.com/sites/default/files/BatteryMonitoringBasics.ppt.Google Scholar
- Lengthening the Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries. https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/energy/lengthening-life-of-lithiumion-batteries.Google Scholar
- Nexus 5X. https://store.google.com/product/nexus_5x.Google Scholar
- Programmable CCCV Charger. http://www.ti.com/tool/pmp8955.Google Scholar
- Quick Charge 3.0. http://www.droid-life.com/2015/09/14/qualcomm-quick-charge-3-0/.Google Scholar
- Survey shows battery life to be the single main gripe of today's mobile phone user. http://www.phonearena.com/news/Survey-shows-battery-life-to-be-the-single-main-gripe-of-todays-mobile-phone-user_id49818.Google Scholar
- Tesla Roadster battery pack replacement will cost$29,000. http://www.autoblog.com/2015/09/01/tesla-roadster-battery-pack-replacement/.Google Scholar
- The Care and Feeding of Lithium Polymer Batteries. http://forums.androidcentral.com/ambassador-guides-tips-how-s/500054-guide-care-feeding-lithium-polymer-batteries.html.Google Scholar
- The case for EV taxi. http://newyork.thecityatlas.org/lifestyle/the-case-for-the-electric-taxi/.Google Scholar
- TurboPower Charger. https://www.motorola.com/us/TurboPower/turbopower.html.Google Scholar
- VOOC Flash Charge. http://www.oppo.com/en/technology/vooc/.Google Scholar
- H. M. A. and T. Sasu. Understanding smartphone state of charge anomaly. In HotPower'15, 2015.Google Scholar
- L. Ahmadi, M. Fowler, S. B. Young, R. A. Fraser, B. Gaffney, and S. B. Walker. Energy efficiency of Li-ion battery packs re-used in stationary power applications. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 8:9--17, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Badam, R. Chandra, J. Dutra, A. Ferrese, S. Hodges, P. Hu, J. Meinershagen, T. Moscibroda, B. Priyantha, and E. Skiani. Software defined batteries. In SOSP'15, 2015. Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Balasubramanian, A. Balasubramanian, and A. Venkataramani. Energy consumption in mobile phones: a measurement study and implications for network applications. In IMC'09, 2009. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Barsukov and J. Qian. Battery power management for portable devices. Artech House, page 67, 2013.Google Scholar
- A. Carroll and G. Heiser. An analysis of power consumption in a smartphone. In USENIXATC'10, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L.-R. Chen. PLL-based battery charge circuit topology. Journal of Power Sources, 51(6):1344--1346, 2004.Google Scholar
- L.-R. Chen. A design of an optimal battery pulse charge system by frequency-varied technique. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 54(1):398--405, 2007.Google ScholarCross Ref
- L.-R. Chen, R. C. Hsu, and C.-S. Liu. A design of a grey-predicted Li-ion battery charge system. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 55(10):3692--3701, 2008.Google ScholarCross Ref
- E. Cuervo, A. Balasubramanian, D. ki Cho, A. Wolman, S. Saroiu, R. Chandra, and P. Bahl. Maui: making smartphones last longer with code offload. In MobiSys'10, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Ding, D. Wagner, X. Chen, A. Pathak, Y. C. Hu, and A. Rice. Characterizing and modeling the impact of wireless signal strength on smartphone battery drain. In SIGMETRICS'13, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Dong, T. Lan, and L. Zhong. Rethink energy accounting with cooperative game theory. In MobiCom'14, 2014. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Ferreira, A. K. Dey, and V. Kostakos. Understanding human-smartphone concerns: A study of battery life. In Pervasive'11, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. F. Fuller, M. Doyle, and J. Newman. Relaxation Phenomena in Lithium-Ion-Insertion Cells Thomas. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 141(4):982--990, 1994.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Grolleau, A. Delaille, H. Gualous, P. Gyan, R. Revel, J. Bernard, E. Redondo-Iglesias, and J. Peter. Calendar aging of commercial graphite/LiFePO_4 cell -- Predicting capacity fade under time dependent storage conditions. Journal of Power Sources, 225:450--458, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- L. He, E. Kim, K. G. Shin, G. Meng, and T. He. Battery state-of-health estimation for mobile devices. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems, ICCPS '17, pages 51--60, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. He, G. Meng, Y. Gu, C. Liu, J. Sun, T. Zhu, Y. Liu, and K. G. Shin. Battery-aware mobile data service. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, PP(99):1--1, 2016. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G.-C. Hsieh, L.-R. Chen, and K.-S. Huang. Fuzzy-controlled Li-ion battery charge system with active state-of-charge controller. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 48(3):585--593, 2001.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Huang, F. Qian, A. Gerber, Z. M. Mao, S. Sen, and O. Spatscheck. A close examination of performance and power characteristics of 4G LTE networks. In MobiSys'12, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Lam and P. Bauer. Practical Capacity Fading Model for Li-Ion Battery Cells in Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 28(12):5910--5918, 2013.Google ScholarCross Ref
- B. Y. Liaw, E. P. Roth, R. G. Jungst, G. Nagasubramanian, H. L. Case, and D. H. Doughty. Correlation of Arrhenius behaviors in power and capacity fades with cell impedance and heat generation in cylindrical lithium-ion cells. Journal of Power Sources, 119(121):874--886, 2003.Google ScholarCross Ref
- R. Mittal, A. Kansal, and R. Chandra. Empowering developers to estimate App energy consumption. In MobiCom'12, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Ning, B. Haran, and B. N. Popov. Gapacity fade study of lithium-ion batteries cycled at high discharge rates. Journal of Power Sources, 117:160--169, 2003.Google ScholarCross Ref
- G. Ning and B. N. Popov. Cycle Life Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 151(10):A1584--A1591, 2004.Google ScholarCross Ref
- P. Notten, J. O. het Veld, and J. van Beek. Boostcharging Li-ion batteries: A challenging new charging concept. Journal of Power Sources, 145:89--94, 2005.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Pathak, Y. C. Hu, and M. Zhang. Fine grained energy accounting on smartphones with Eprof. In EuroSys'12, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. B. Pinson and M. Z. Bazant. Theory of SEI Formation in Rechargeable Batteries: Capacity Fade, Accelerated Aging and Lifetime Prediction. arXiv:1210.3672, 2012.Google Scholar
- J. Qian. Li-ion battery-charger solutions for JEITA compliance. Analog Applications Journal, pages 8--11, 2010.Google Scholar
- M. Rashid and A. Gupta. Effect of relaxation periods over cycling performance of a Li-ion battery. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162(2):A3145--A3153, 2015.Google ScholarCross Ref
- B. Saha and K. Goebel. Modeling Li-ion Battery Capacity Depletion in a Particle Filtering Framework. PHM'09, 2009.Google Scholar
- A. Sanpei. Charging Method for Secondary Battery. US Patent, 5,237,259, 1993.Google Scholar
- H. Song, Z. Cao, X. Chen, H. Lu, M. Jia, Z. Zhang, Y. Lai, J. Li, and Y. Liu. Capacity fade of LiFePO_4/graphite cell at elevated temperature. Journal of Solid State Electrochem, 17:599--605, 2013.Google ScholarCross Ref
- D. Wagner, A. Rice, and A. Beresford. Device analyzer: Understanding smartphone usage. In MOBIQUITOUS'13, 2013.Google Scholar
- K. Zaghib, M. Dontigny, A. Guerfi, P. Charest, I. Rodrigues, A. Mauger, and C. Julien. Safe and fast-charging Li-ion battery with long shelf life for power applications. Journal of Power Sources, 196:3949--3954, 2011.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Y. Zhang and C.-Y. Wang. Cycle-Life Characterization of Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries with LiNiO_2 Cathode. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 156(7):A527--A535, 2009.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- iCharge: User-Interactive Charging of Mobile Devices
Recommendations
Exploiting Multi-Cell Battery for Mobile Devices: Design, Management, and Performance
SenSys '17: Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor SystemsExtending battery lifetime is an important issue for mobile devices. While extensive attempts have been made at the software level, optimization often risks hampering user experience. One fundamental method to increase battery lifetime is to improve the ...
MixMax: Leveraging Heterogeneous Batteries to Alleviate Low Battery Experience for Mobile Users
MobiSys '23: Proceedings of the 21st Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and ServicesDespite the physical advance of an existing single-cell battery system, mobile users are still suffering from low battery anxiety. With a careful analysis of users' battery usage behavior collected for 19,855 hours, we propose a heterogeneous battery ...
Fingerprinting Battery Health Using Relaxing Voltages
e-Energy '23: Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Future Energy SystemsMobile devices are only as useful as their battery lasts. Unfortunately, the operation and life of a mobile device’s battery degrade over time and usage. The state-of-health (SoH) of batteries quantifies their degradation, but mobile devices are unable ...
Comments