skip to main content
10.1145/3105726.3106192acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesicerConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Folk Pedagogy: Nobody Doesn't Like Active Learning

Published: 14 August 2017 Publication History

Abstract

In a survey of the computing education community, many respondents suggested "active learning" as a teaching approach that would increase the likelihood of student success. In light of these responses, we analyze the way in which active learning is described in the computing-education literature. We find a strong consensus that active learning is good, but a lack of precision in how the term is used, often without definition, to describe instructional techniques, rather than student learning. In addition, active learning techniques are often discussed as if they were all equally effective. We suggest that making clear distinctions, both between teaching techniques and active learning and among the teaching techniques, would be fruitful for both instructors and researchers. Finally, we propose some dimensions along which distinctions among techniques could usefully be made.

References

[1]
Owen Astrachan. 1998. Concrete Teaching: Hooks and Props As Instructional Technology. SIGCSE Bull. 30, 3 (Aug. 1998), 21--24. 0097--8418 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/290320.283003 [in dataset].
[2]
Saurabh Bagchi, Mark C Johnson, and Somali Chaterji. 2008. Effects of types of active learning activity on two junior-level computer engineering courses (FIE '08). IEEE, F2A--11. [in dataset].
[3]
Ray Bareiss and Martin Radley. 2010. Coaching via Cognitive Apprenticeship (SIGCSE '10). ACM, 162--166. [in dataset].
[4]
Andrew Begel, Daniel D. Garcia, and Steven A. Wolfman. 2004. Kinesthetic Learning in the Classroom. SIGCSE Bull. 36, 1 (March 2004), 183--184. 0097--8418 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1028174.971367
[5]
Elizabeth Boese. 2016. Just-In-Time Learning for the Just Google It Era (SIGCSE '16). ACM, 341--345. x978--1--4503--3685--7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844583 [in dataset].
[6]
Curtis Jay Bonk and Donald J Cunningham. 1998. Searching for learner-centered, constructivist, and sociocultural components of collaborative educational learning tools. Electronic collaborators: Learner-centered technologies for literacy, apprenticeship, and discourse 25 (1998), 25--50.
[7]
Charles C Bonwell and James A Eison. 1991. Active Learning: Creating Excitement in the Classroom. 1991 ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Reports. ERIC.
[8]
Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Rachael S Dwight, Carolyn S Miller, C Dianne Raubenheimer, Matthias F Stallmann, and Mladen A Vouk. 2007. A case for smaller class size with integrated lab for introductory computer science. SIGCSE Bulletin 39, 1 (2007), 341--345. [in dataset].
[9]
Jerome Bruner. 1996. Folk Pedagogy. In The Culture of Education. Harvard University Press, Chapter 2, 44--65.
[10]
M.T.H. Chi. 2009. Active-Constructive-Interactive: A Conceptual Framework for Differentiating Learning Activities. Topics in Cog. Sci. 1, 1 (2009), 73--105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756--8765.2008.01005.x
[11]
Donald Chinn, Kristofer Martin, and Catherine Spencer. 2007. Treisman Workshops and Student Performance in CS (SIGCSE '07). 203--207.
[12]
Tony Clear. 2012. Systematic Literature Reviews and Undergraduate Research. ACM Inroads 3, 4 (Dec. 2012), 10--11. 2153--2184 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2381083.2381087
[13]
Joshua J. Cogliati, Frances W. Goosey, Michael T. Grinder, Bradley A. Pascoe, Rockford J. Ross, and Cheston J. Williams. 2005. Realizing the Promise of Visualization in the Theory of Computing. J. Educ. Resour. Comput. 5, 2, Article 5 (June 2005). 1531--4278 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1141904.1141909 [in dataset].
[14]
Janet Davis. 2009. Experiences with Just-in-time Teaching in Systems and Design Courses (SIGCSE '09). ACM, 71--75. [in dataset].
[15]
Adrienne Decker, Monica M. McGill, and Amber Settle. 2016. Towards a Common Framework for Evaluating Computing Outreach Activities. In Proceedings of the 47th ACM Technical Symposium on Computing Science Education (SIGCSE '16). ACM, 627--632. x978--1--4503--3685--7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844567
[16]
Paul Denny, John Hamer, Andrew Luxton-Reilly, and Helen Purchase. 2008. PeerWise: Students Sharing Their Multiple Choice Questions (ICER '08). ACM, 51--58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1404520.1404526
[17]
John Dewey. 1916. Democracy and Education: An introduction to the philosophy of education. The Macmillan Company, New York.
[18]
Janine DeWitt and Cynthia Cicalese. 2006. Contextual integration: a framework for presenting social, legal, and ethical content across the computer security and information assurance curriculum (InfoSecCD '04). ACM, 30--40. [in dataset].
[19]
Cheryl A Dugas. 2008. No Computers? No Problem! Active and cooperative learning in an introductory computer science course (FIE '08). IEEE, T3A--16. [in dataset].
[20]
Michael Ebert and Markus Ring. 2016. A presentation framework for programming in programing lectures (EDUCON '16). IEEE, 369--374. [in dataset].
[21]
Rob Elliott. 2014. Do students like the flipped classroom? An investigation of student reaction to a flipped undergraduate IT course (FIE '14). IEEE, 1--7. [in dataset].
[22]
Ashraf Elnagar and Mahir S Ali. 2013. Survey of student perceptions of a modified team based learning approach on an information technology course (PICICT '13). IEEE, 22--27. [in dataset].
[23]
Sarah Esper, Beth Simon, and Quintin Cutts. 2012. Exploratory Homeworks: An Active Learning Tool for Textbook Reading (ICER '12). ACM, 105--110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2361276.2361297 [in dataset].
[24]
Nils Faltin. 1999. Designing Courseware on Algorithms for Active Learning with Virtual Board Games. SIGCSE Bull. 31, 3 (June 1999), 135--138. 0097--8418 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/384267.305894 [in dataset].
[25]
Tommy Farnqvist, Fredrik Heintz, Patrick Lambrix, Linda Mannila, and Chunyan Wang. 2016. Supporting Active Learning by Introducing an Interactive Teaching Tool in a Data Structures and Algorithms Course (SIGCSE '16). ACM, 663--668. x978--1--4503--3685--7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844653 [in dataset].
[26]
James B. Fenwick, Jr., Barry L. Kurtz, Philip Meznar, Reed Phillips, and Alex Weidner. 2013. Developing a Highly Interactive Ebook for CS Instruction (SIGCSE '13). ACM, 135--140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2445196.2445241 [in dataset].
[27]
S. Freeman, S.L. Eddy, M. McDonough, M. K. Smith, N. Okoroafor, H. Jordt, and M.P. Wenderotha. 2014. Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, 23 (2014), 8410--8415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319030111
[28]
M. M. Fuad, D. Deb, and J. Etim. 2014. An evidence based learning and teaching strategy for computer science classrooms and its extension into a mobile classroom response system (ICALT '14). IEEE, 149--153. [in dataset].
[29]
Michael Goldwasser and David Letscher. 2007. Teaching strategies for reinforcing structural recursion with lists (SIGPLAN '07). ACM, 889--896. [in dataset].
[30]
John Hamer, Quintin Cutts, Jana Jackova, Andrew Luxton-Reilly, Robert McCartney, Helen Purchase, Charles Riedesel, Mara Saeli, Kate Sanders, and Judithe Sheard. 2008. Contributing Student Pedagogy. SIGCSE Bull. 40, 4 (Nov. 2008), 194--212. 0097--8418 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1473195.1473242
[31]
Yasuhiro Hayashi, Ken-Ichi Fukamachi, and Hiroshi Komatsugawa. 2015. Collaborative Learning in Computer Programming Courses That Adopted the Flipped Classroom (LaTiCE '15). IEEE, 209--212. [in dataset].
[32]
Orit Hazzan and Yael Dubinsky. 2006. Teaching framework for software development methods (ICSE '06). ACM, 703--706. [in dataset].
[33]
Daniel Malcolm Hoffman, Ming Lu, and Tim Pelton. 2011. A Web-based Generation and Delivery System for Active Code Reading (SIGCSE '11). ACM, 483--488. [in dataset].
[34]
Trudy Howles. 2009. A Study of Attrition and the Use of Student Learning Communities in the Computer Science Introductory Programming Sequence. Computer Science Education 19, 1 (2009), 1--13. [in dataset].
[35]
Christopher D. Hundhausen, Anukrati Agrawal, and Pawan Agarwal. 2013. Talking About Code: Integrating Pedagogical Code Reviews into Early Computing Courses. Trans. Comput. Educ. 13, 3, Article 14 (Aug. 2013), 28 pages. 1946--6226 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2499947.2499951
[36]
Petri Ihantola, Tuukka Ahoniemi, Ville Karavirta, and Otto Seppala. 2010. Review of Recent Systems for Automatic Assessment of Programming Assignments. In Proceedings of the 10th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (Koli Calling '10). ACM, 86--93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1930464.1930480
[37]
Ville Isomöttönen and Ville Tirronen. 2013. Teaching Programming by Emphasizing Self-direction: How Did Students React to the Active Role Required of Them? Trans. Comput. Educ. 13, 2, Article 6 (July 2013), 21 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2483710.2483711
[38]
Wei Jin. 2008. Pre-programming Analysis Tutors Help Students Learn Basic Programming Concepts (SIGCSE '08). ACM, 276--280. [in dataset].
[39]
Michael Jonas. 2013. Group Note Taking in Mediawiki, a Collaborative Approach (SIGITE '13). ACM, 131--132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2512276.2512312
[40]
Håkan Jonsson. 2015. Using flipped classroom, peer discussion, and just-in-time teaching to increase learning in a programming course (FIE '15). IEEE, 1--9. [in dataset].
[41]
Barbara Kitchener and Stuart Charters. 2007. Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering, Version 2.3. Technical Report EBSE Technical Report EBSE-2007-01. Software Engineering Group, School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Keele University and Department of Computer Science, University of Durham.
[42]
D.A. Kolb. 1984. Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
[43]
Aditi Kothiyal, Sahana Murthy, and Sridhar Iyer. 2014. Think-pair-share in a Large CS1 Class: Does Learning Really Happen? (ITiCSE '14). ACM, 51--56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2591708.2591739 [in dataset].
[44]
Amruth N. Kumar. 2005. Generation of Problems, Answers, Grade, and Feedback--case Study of a Fully Automated Tutor. J. Educ. Resour. Comput. 5, 3, Article 3 (2005). 1531--4278 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1163405.1163408 [in dataset].
[45]
Barry L. Kurtz, James B. Fenwick, Rahman Tashakkori, Ahmad Esmail, and Stephen R. Tate. 2014. Active Learning During Lecture Using Tablets (SIGCSE '14). ACM, 121--126. x978--1--4503--2605--6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2538862.2538907 [in dataset].
[46]
Clifton Kussmaul. 2012. Process oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) for computer science (SIGCSE '12). ACM, 373--378. [in dataset].
[47]
Patricia Lasserre. 2009a. Adaptation of Team-based Learning on a First Term Programming Class (ITiCSE '09). ACM, 186--190. [in dataset].
[48]
Patricia Lasserre. 2009b. Introduction to Team-based Learning (WCCCE '09). ACM, 77--78.
[49]
Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger. 2002. Legitimate peripheral participation in communities of practice. Supporting lifelong learning 1 (2002), 111--126.
[50]
Cynthia Bailey Lee, Saturnino Garcia, and Leo Porter. 2013. Can Peer Instruction Be Effective in Upper-division Computer Science Courses? Trans. Comput. Educ. 13, 3, Article 12 (Aug. 2013), 22 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2499947.2499949 [in dataset].
[51]
Mary Lou Maher, Celine Latulipe, Heather Lipford, and Audrey Rorrer. 2015. Flipped Classroom Strategies for CS Education (SIGCSE '15). ACM, 218--223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2676723.2677252 [in dataset].
[52]
E. Manogaran. 2013. ACt-PBL: An adaptive approach to teach multi-core computing in university education (T4E '13). IEEE, 19--23. [in dataset].
[53]
Estefanía Martín, Carlos Lázaro, and Isidoro Hernán-Losada. 2010. Active learning in telecommunication engineering: A case study (EDUCON '10). IEEE, 1555--1562. [in dataset].
[54]
Alexandra Martinez. 2012. Using JiTT in a Database Course (SIGCSE '12). ACM, 367--372. x978--1--4503--1098--7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2157136.2157245 [in dataset].
[55]
Alexandra Martinez and Arturo Camacho. 2011. A Cooperative Learning-based Strategy for Teaching Relational Algebra (ITiCSE '11). ACM, 263--267. [in dataset].
[56]
Robert McCartney, Jonas Boustedt, Anna Eckerdal, Kate Sanders, and Carol Zander. 2017. Folk Pedagogy and the Geek Gene: Geekiness Quotient. (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3017680.3017746
[57]
Charlie McDowell, Linda Werner, Heather E. Bullock, and Julian Fernald. 2006. Pair Programming Improves Student Retention, Confidence, and Program Quality. Commun. ACM 49, 8 (Aug. 2006), 90--95. 0001-0782 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1145287.1145293
[58]
Dawn McKinney and Leo F Denton. 2005. Affective assessment of team skills in agile CS1 labs: the good, the bad, and the ugly. SIGCSE Bulletin 37, 1 (2005), 465--469. [in dataset].
[59]
Joel Michael. 2006. Where's the evidence that active learning works? Adv. Physiol. Educ. 30 (2006), 159--167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00053.2006
[60]
L. D. Miller, Leen-Kiat Soh, Gwen Nugent, Kevin Kupzyk, Leyla Masmaliyeva, and Ashok Samal. 2011. Evaluating the Use of Learning Objects in CS1 (SIGCSE '11). ACM, 57--62. [in dataset].
[61]
Duc Man Nguyen, Tien Vu Truong, and Nguyen Bao Le. 2013. Deployment of capstone projects in software engineering education at duy tan university as part of a university-wide project-based learning effort (LaTiCE '13). IEEE, 184--191. [in dataset].
[62]
Keith Nolan and Susan Bergin. 2016. The Role of Anxiety when Learning to Program: A Systematic Review of the Literature. In Proceedings of the 16th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (Koli Calling '16). ACM, 61--70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2999541.2999557
[63]
Marilyn Page. 1990. Active Learning: historical and contemporary perspectives. Master's thesis. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
[64]
A.S. Palincsar. 1998. Social Constructivist Perspectives on Teaching and Learning. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 49 (1998), 345--75.
[65]
A. Pears, A. Nylén, and M. Daniels. 2016. A critical analysis of trends in student-centric engineering education and their implications for learning (FIE). 1--7.
[66]
Johanna Pirker, Maria Riffnaller-Schiefer, and Christian Gütl. 2014. Motivational Active Learning: Engaging University Students in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE '14). ACM, 297--302. x978--1--4503--2833--3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2591708.2591750 [in dataset].
[67]
Shannon Pollard and Robert C Duvall. 2006. Everything I needed to know about teaching I learned in kindergarten: bringing elementary education techniques to undergraduate computer science classes. In SIGCSE Bulletin, Vol. 38. ACM, 224--228. [in dataset].
[68]
Leo Porter, Cynthia Bailey Lee, and Beth Simon. 2013. Halving Fail Rates Using Peer Instruction: A Study of Four Computer Science Courses (SIGCSE '13). ACM, 177--182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2445196.2445250 [in dataset].
[69]
J. A. Pow-Sang Portillo and P. G. Campos. 2009. The jigsaw technique: Experiences teaching analysis class diagrams (Mexican International Conference on Computer Science). IEEE, 289--293. [in dataset].
[70]
Michael Prince. 2004. Does active learning work? A review of the research. Journal of engineering education 93, 3 (2004), 223--231.
[71]
Atanas Radenski. 2007. Digital support for abductive learning in introductory computing courses. SIGCSE Bulletin 39, 1 (2007), 14--18. [in dataset].
[72]
Vijay T Raisinghani. 2013. 3Pf: Prepare-Present-Positive Feedback--An Active Learning Approach for Low Achievers (T4E '13). IEEE, 1--8. [in dataset].
[73]
MRK Rao. 2006. Storytelling and puzzles in a software engineering course. SIGCSE Bulletin 38, 1 (2006), 418--422. [in dataset].
[74]
Mario Romero, Björn Thuresson, Christopher Peters, Filip Kis, Joe Coppard, Jonas Andrée, and Natalia Landazuri. 2014. Augmenting PBL with large public presentations: a case study in interactive graphics pedagogy (ITiCSE '14). ACM, 15--20. [in dataset].
[75]
Gordon Rugg and Peter McGeorge. 2005. The sorting techniques: a tutorial paper on card sorts, picture sorts and item sorts. Expert Systems 22, 3 (2005), 94--107.
[76]
Harry Budi Santoso and Eunice Sari. 2015. Transforming Undergraduate HCI Course in Indonesia: A Preliminary Study (APCHIUX '15). ACM, 55--59. x978--1--4503--4041-0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2846439.2846451 [in dataset].
[77]
Shimon Schocken. 2012. Taming Complexity in Large-scale System Projects (SIGCSE '12). ACM, 409--414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2157136.2157259 [in dataset].
[78]
Donald A Schon. 1995. Educating the Reflective Legal Practitioner. Clinical L. Rev. 2 (1995), 231.
[79]
Yvonne Sedelmaier and Dieter Landes. 2015. Active and Inductive Learning in Software Engineering Education (ICSE '15). IEEE Press, 418--427. [in dataset].
[80]
Paolo AG Sivilotti and Scott M Pike. 2007. The suitability of kinesthetic learning activities for teaching distributed algorithms (SIGCSE '07). ACM, 362--366. [in dataset].
[81]
Patrick Suppes. 1974. The Place of Theory in Educational Research 1. Educational Researcher 3, 6 (1974), 3--10.
[82]
Andy Ju An Wang. 2005. Web-based Interactive Courseware for Information Security (SIGITE '05). ACM, 199--204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1095714.1095760 [in dataset].
[83]
Tom Wulf. 2005. Constructivist Approaches for Teaching Computer Programming (SIGITE '05). ACM, 245--248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1095714.1095771 [in dataset].

Cited By

View all
  • (2025)Connecting the Dots: Intersectionality across Active Learning, Classroom Climate, and Introductory Computer Science CoursesProceedings of the 56th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 110.1145/3641554.3701930(1099-1105)Online publication date: 12-Feb-2025
  • (2024)Towards Student Engagement: Drones in Introductory CS CoursesJournal of Computing Sciences in Colleges10.5555/3665609.366561039:8(14-26)Online publication date: 17-May-2024
  • (2024)A Feasibility Study on Automated SQL Exercise Generation with ChatGPT-3.5Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Data Systems Education: Bridging education practice with education research10.1145/3663649.3664368(13-19)Online publication date: 9-Jun-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences
ICER '17: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research
August 2017
316 pages
ISBN:9781450349680
DOI:10.1145/3105726
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 14 August 2017

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. active learning
  2. activity
  3. folk pedagogy
  4. reflection
  5. social interaction
  6. techniques

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Conference

ICER '17
Sponsor:
ICER '17: International Computing Education Research Conference
August 18 - 20, 2017
Washington, Tacoma, USA

Acceptance Rates

ICER '17 Paper Acceptance Rate 29 of 180 submissions, 16%;
Overall Acceptance Rate 189 of 803 submissions, 24%

Upcoming Conference

ICER 2025
ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research
August 3 - 6, 2025
Charlottesville , VA , USA

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)80
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)10
Reflects downloads up to 27 Feb 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2025)Connecting the Dots: Intersectionality across Active Learning, Classroom Climate, and Introductory Computer Science CoursesProceedings of the 56th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 110.1145/3641554.3701930(1099-1105)Online publication date: 12-Feb-2025
  • (2024)Towards Student Engagement: Drones in Introductory CS CoursesJournal of Computing Sciences in Colleges10.5555/3665609.366561039:8(14-26)Online publication date: 17-May-2024
  • (2024)A Feasibility Study on Automated SQL Exercise Generation with ChatGPT-3.5Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Data Systems Education: Bridging education practice with education research10.1145/3663649.3664368(13-19)Online publication date: 9-Jun-2024
  • (2024)Research and Practice of Delivering Tabletop ExercisesProceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 110.1145/3649217.3653642(220-226)Online publication date: 3-Jul-2024
  • (2024)The CS1 Python Bakery: A Modern "Batteries Included" Open-Source Curriculum with All the FixingsProceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 110.1145/3649217.3653630(667-673)Online publication date: 3-Jul-2024
  • (2024)Evaluating Contextually Personalized Programming Exercises Created with Generative AIProceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 110.1145/3632620.3671103(95-113)Online publication date: 12-Aug-2024
  • (2023)The Different Types of Contributions to Knowledge (in CER): All Needed, But Not All RecognisedACM Transactions on Computing Education10.1145/348705323:1(1-36)Online publication date: 18-Jan-2023
  • (2023)Dimensions of Assessment in Online and Open Education in Terms of Purpose, Function and TheoryHandbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education10.1007/978-981-19-2080-6_80(1325-1338)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2023
  • (2023)From Abstract to Concrete: How Immersive Virtual Reality Technology Enhances Teaching of Complex ParadigmsImmersive Education10.1007/978-3-031-18138-2_9(135-152)Online publication date: 3-Jan-2023
  • (2022)Automatic Generation of Programming Exercises and Code Explanations Using Large Language ModelsProceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 110.1145/3501385.3543957(27-43)Online publication date: 3-Aug-2022
  • Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media