research-article

DC4CD: A Platform for Distributed Computing on Constrained Devices

Authors:

Salvatore Gaglio,

Giuseppe Lo Re,

Gloria Martorella,

Daniele PeriAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS), Volume 17, Issue 1

Article No.: 27, Pages 1 - 25

https://doi.org/10.1145/3105923

Published: 06 December 2017 Publication History

Abstract

In this article, we present Distributed Computing for Constrained Devices (DC4CD), a novel software architecture that supports symbolic distributed computing on wireless sensor networks. DC4CD integrates the functionalities of a high-level symbolic interpreter, a compiler, and an operating system, and includes networking abstractions to exchange high-level symbolic code among peer devices. Contrarily to other architectures proposed in the literature, DC4CD allows for changes at runtime, even on deployed nodes of both application and system code. Experimental results show that DC4CD is more efficient in terms of memory usage than existing architectures, with which it also compares well in terms of execution efficiency.

References

[1]

Daniele Alessandrelli, Matteo Petracca, and Paolo Pagano. 2013. T-res: Enabling reconfigurable in-network processing in IoT-based WSNs. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS’13). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 337--344.

Digital Library

[2]

Cesare Alippi, Romolo Camplani, Manuel Roveri, and Luca Vaccaro. 2011. REEL: A real-time, computationally-efficient, reprogrammable framework for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Sensors Conference. 1193--1196.

[3]

Anna Maria Antola, Lorenzo Mezzalira, and Manuel Roveri. 2014. GINGER: A minimizing-effects reprogramming paradigm for distributed sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Robotic and Sensors Environments (ROSE’14). 88--93.

[4]

Faisal Aslam, Luminous Fennell, Christian Schindelhauer, Peter Thiemann, Gidon Ernst, Elmar Haussmann, Stefan Rührup, and Zastash A. Uzmi. 2010. Optimized Java binary and virtual machine for tiny motes. In Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6131. Springer, 15--30.

Digital Library

[5]

Stefano Bocchino, Szymon Fedor, and Matteo Petracca. 2015. PyFUNS: A Python framework for ubiquitous networked sensors. In Wireless Sensor Networks. Springer, 1--18.

[6]

Niels Brouwers, Koen Langendoen, and Peter Corke. 2009. Darjeeling, A feature-rich VM for the resource poor. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 169--182.

Digital Library

[7]

Doina Bucur, Giovanni Iacca, Giovanni Squillero, and Alberto Tonda. 2014. The tradeoffs between data delivery ratio and energy costs in wireless sensor networks: A multi-objective evolutionary framework for protocol analysis. In Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (GECCO’14). ACM, New York, NY, 1071--1078.

Digital Library

[8]

José Cecilio and Pedro Furtado. 2014. Architecture for uniform (re)configuration and processing over embedded sensor and actuator networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 10, 1, 53--60.

[9]

Ioannis Chatzigiannakis, Andrea Vitaletti, and Apostolos Pyrgelis. 2016. A privacy-preserving smart parking system using an IoT elliptic curve based security platform. Computer Communications 89, C, 165--177.

Digital Library

[10]

Rui Chu, Lin Gu, Yunhao Liu, Mo Li, and Xicheng Lu. 2013. SenSmart: Adaptive stack management for multitasking sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Computers 62, 1, 137--150.

Digital Library

[11]

Xi Deng and Yuanyuan Yang. 2012. Online adaptive compression in delay sensitive wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Computers 61, 10, 1429--1442.

Digital Library

[12]

Wei Dong, Chun Chen, Xue Liu, Yunhao Liu, Jiajun Bu, and Kougen Zheng. 2011. SenSpire OS: A predictable, flexible, and efficient operating system for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Computers 60, 12, 1788--1801.

Digital Library

[13]

Wei Dong, Yunhao Liu, Chun Chen, Jiajun Bu, Chao Huang, and Zhiwei Zhao. 2013. R2: Incremental reprogramming using relocatable code in networked embedded systems. IEEE Transactions on Computers 62, 9, 1837--1849.

Digital Library

[14]

Wei Dong, Yunhao Liu, Chun Chen, Lin Gu, and Xiaofan Wu. 2014. Elon: Enabling efficient and long-term reprogramming for wireless sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 13, 4, 77.

Digital Library

[15]

Adam Dunkels. 2006. A Low-Overhead Script Language for Tiny Networked Embedded Systems. Technical Report. Swedish Institute of Computer Science.

[16]

Adam Dunkels, Joakim Eriksson, Niclas Finne, and Nicolas Tsiftes. 2011. Powertrace: Network-Level Power Profiling for Low-Power Wireless Networks. Technical Report. Swedish Institute of Computer Science.

[17]

Anton Ertl. 2001. Threaded code variations and optimizations. In Proceedings of the 2001 EuroForth Conference (EuroForth’01). 49--55.

[18]

Anton Ertl. 2011. Ways to reduce the stack depth. In Proceedings of the 27th EuroForth Conference (EuroForth’11). 36--41.

[19]

Anton Ertl. 2013. PAF: A portable assembly language. In Proceedings of the 29th EuroForth Conference (EuroForth’13). 30--38.

[20]

Orestis Evangelatos, Kasun Samarasinghe, and José D. P. Rolim. 2012. Evaluating design approaches for smart building systems. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 9th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS’12). 1--7.

[21]

Leon Evers, Paul Havinga, and Jan Kuper. 2007. Dynamic sensor network reprogramming using SensorScheme. In Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE 18th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications. 1--5.

[22]

L. Evers, P. Havinga, J. Kuper, M. E. M. Lijding, and N. Meratnia. 2007. SensorScheme: Supply chain management automation using wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA’07). 448--455.

[23]

Muhammad Omer Farooq and Thomas Kunz. 2011. Operating systems for wireless sensor networks: A survey. Sensors 11, 6, 5900--5930.

[24]

Carolina Fortuna and Mihael Mohorcic. 2014. A framework for dynamic composition of communication services. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 11, 2, Article 32, 43 pages.

Digital Library

[25]

Salvatore Gaglio, Giuseppe Lo Re, Gloria Martorella, and Daniele Peri. 2014. A fast and interactive approach to application development on wireless sensor and actuator networks. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Emerging Technology and Factory Automation (ETFA’14). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1--8.

[26]

Omprakash Gnawali, Rodrigo Fonseca, Kyle Jamieson, Maria Kazandjieva, David Moss, and Philip Levis. 2013. CTP: An efficient, robust, and reliable collection tree protocol for wireless sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 10, 1, Article 16, 49 pages.

Digital Library

[27]

Gerd Kortuem, Fahim Kawsar, Daniel Fitton, and Vasughi Sundramoorthy. 2010. Smart objects as building blocks for the Internet of Things. IEEE Internet Computing 14, 1, 44--51.

Digital Library

[28]

Matthias Kovatsch, Simon Duquennoy, and Adam Dunkels. 2011. A low-power CoAP for Contiki. In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 8th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS’11). 855--860.

Digital Library

[29]

Matthias Kovatsch, Simon Mayer, and Benedikt Ostermaier. 2012. Moving application logic from the firmware to the cloud: Towards the thin server architecture for the Internet of Things. In Proceedings of the 2012 6th International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS’12). 751--756.

Digital Library

[30]

Helen C. Leligou, Christos Massouros, Eleftherios Tsampasis, Theodore Zahariadis, Dimitrios Bargiotas, Konstantinos Papadopoulos, and Stamatis Voliotis. 2011. Reprogramming wireless sensor nodes. International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology 7, 1--8.

[31]

Philip Levis and David Culler. 2002. Maté: A tiny virtual machine for sensor networks. ACM SIGPLAN Notices 37, 10, 85--95.

Digital Library

[32]

Philip Levis, David Gay, and David Culler. 2005. Active sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation—Volume 2 (NSDI’05). 343--356. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1251203.1251228.

Digital Library

[33]

Yu-Cheng Norm Lien and Wen-Jong Wu. 2014. NTUPreter: High-level structured programming platform for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering 2, 2, 138--142.

[34]

Mihai Marin-Perianu and Paul Havinga. 2007. D-FLER—a distributed fuzzy logic engine for rule-based wireless sensor networks. In Ubiquitous Computing Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 4836. Springer, 86--101.

Digital Library

[35]

Chris Miller and Christian Poellabauer. 2010. Reliable and efficient reprogramming in sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 7, 1, Article 6, 32 pages.

Digital Library

[36]

Kevin L. Mills. 2007. A brief survey of self-organization in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 7, 7, 823--834.

Digital Library

[37]

Waqaas Munawar, Muhammad Hamad Alizai, Olaf Landsiedel, and Klaus Wehrle. 2010. Dynamic tinyOS: Modular and transparent incremental code-updates for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’10). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1--6.

[38]

Richard Oliver, Adriana Wilde, and Ed Zaluska. 2014. Reprogramming embedded systems at run-time. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Sensing Technology. 124--129.

[39]

Priyanka Rawat, KamalDeep Singh, Hakima Chaouchi, and JeanMarie Bonnin. 2014. Wireless sensor networks: A survey on recent developments and potential synergies. Journal of Supercomputing 68, 1, 1--48.

Digital Library

[40]

Andrew Read. 2014. Concept and implementation of an extended return stack to enhance subroutine and exception handling in FORTH. In Proceedings of the 30th EuroForth Conference (EuroForth’14). 5--22.

[41]

Mark-Oliver Stehr and Carolyn L Talcott. 2004. Plan in Maude specifying an active network programming language. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 71 (2004), 240--260.

[42]

Bill Stoddart, Campbell Ritchie, and Steve Dunne. 2012. Forth semantics for compiler verification. In Proceedings of the 28th EuroForth Conference (EuroForth’12). 45--58.

[43]

Matthias Trute. 2013. AmForth Documentation: Release 6.6. Retrieved October 19, 2017, from Available online at http://amforth.sourceforge.net/amforth.pdf.

[44]

Li Da Xu, Wu He, and Shancang Li. 2014. Internet of Things in industries: A survey. IIEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 10, 4, 2233--2243.

[45]

Yan Zuo, Guodong Sun, Chao Ouyang, and Gaoxiang Yang. 2015. Evaluating CTP in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks: An experimental study. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Network and Information Systems for Computers (ICNISC’15). 26--33.

Digital Library

Cited By

Zhu WZheng YYao LGan BChen Y(2024)Design of a Distributed Computing Framework for Electricity Retail Market SettlementApplied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences10.2478/amns-2024-35369:1Online publication date: 27-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-3536
Oliveira JSousa FAlmeida L(2023)embServe: Embedded Services for Constrained Devices2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144123(1-8)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144123
Augello AGaglio SLo Re GPeri D(2022)Time-Constrained Node Visit Planning for Collaborative UAV–WSN Distributed ApplicationsSensors10.3390/s2214529822:14(5298)Online publication date: 15-Jul-2022
https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145298
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

DC4CD: A Platform for Distributed Computing on Constrained Devices
1. Computer systems organization
  1. Architectures
    1. Distributed architectures
    2. Other architectures
      1. High-level language architectures
  2. Embedded and cyber-physical systems
    1. Embedded systems
      1. Embedded software
    2. Sensor networks
2. Software and its engineering
  1. Software organization and properties
    1. Contextual software domains
      1. Software infrastructure
        Middleware
        Embedded middleware

Recommendations

Tracing for web 3.0: trace compilation for the next generation web applications
VEE '09: Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments

Today's web applications are pushing the limits of modern web browsers. The emergence of the browser as the platform of choice for rich client-side applications has shifted the use of in-browser JavaScript from small scripting programs to large ...
From Babbage to Babel and beyond: a brief history of programming languages
Movement-assisted sensor redeployment scheme for network lifetime increase
MSWiM '07: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Symposium on Modeling, analysis, and simulation of wireless and mobile systems

Sensor deployment in mobile sensor networks has received significant attention in recent years. Goals during sensor deployment include improving coverage, achieving load balance, and prolonging the network lifetime. To improve the initial deployment, ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems

ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems Volume 17, Issue 1

Special Issue on Autonomous Battery-Free Sensing and Communication, Special Issue on ESWEEK 2016 and Regular Papers

January 2018

630 pages

ISSN:1539-9087

EISSN:1558-3465

DOI:10.1145/3136518

Editor:
Sandeep K. Shukla
Indian Institute of Technology, India

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2017 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Journal Family

ACM Journals for the Design of Smart and Connected Systems

Publication History

Published: 06 December 2017

Accepted: 01 May 2017

Revised: 01 February 2017

Received: 01 June 2016

Published in TECS Volume 17, Issue 1

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

15
Total Citations
View Citations
204
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)4
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0

Reflects downloads up to 03 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Zhu WZheng YYao LGan BChen Y(2024)Design of a Distributed Computing Framework for Electricity Retail Market SettlementApplied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences10.2478/amns-2024-35369:1Online publication date: 27-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-3536
Oliveira JSousa FAlmeida L(2023)embServe: Embedded Services for Constrained Devices2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144123(1-8)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS57264.2023.10144123
Augello AGaglio SLo Re GPeri D(2022)Time-Constrained Node Visit Planning for Collaborative UAV–WSN Distributed ApplicationsSensors10.3390/s2214529822:14(5298)Online publication date: 15-Jul-2022
https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145298
Augello AGaglio SRe GPeri D(2021)Simulation and Test of UAV Tasks With Resource-Constrained Hardware in the Loop2021 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP)10.1109/SMARTCOMP52413.2021.00071(347-352)Online publication date: Aug-2021
https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTCOMP52413.2021.00071
Bordonaro ADe Paola ARe G(2021)VPP: A Communication Schema for Population Protocols in VANET2021 20th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Communications (IUCC/CIT/DSCI/SmartCNS)10.1109/IUCC-CIT-DSCI-SmartCNS55181.2021.00017(11-18)Online publication date: Dec-2021
https://doi.org/10.1109/IUCC-CIT-DSCI-SmartCNS55181.2021.00017
Augello AGaglio SRe GPeri D(2021)Distributed Symbolic Network Quality Assessment for Resource-constrained Devices2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA )10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613584(1-4)Online publication date: 7-Sep-2021
https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613584
Gaglio SLo Re GMartorella GPeri D(2020)Knowledge-Based Verification of Concatenative Programming Patterns Inspired by Natural Language for Resource-Constrained Embedded DevicesSensors10.3390/s2101010721:1(107)Online publication date: 26-Dec-2020
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010107
Augello AD'Antoni RGaglio SRe GMartorella GPeri D(2020)Verification of Symbolic Distributed Protocols for Networked Embedded Devices2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9212134(1177-1180)Online publication date: Sep-2020
https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9212134
Bordonaro AGaglio SLo Re GMartorella GPeri D(2020)On-board Energy Consumption Assessment for Symbolic Execution Models on Embedded Devices2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9211981(1359-1362)Online publication date: Sep-2020
https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9211981
Kundig SAngelopoulos CKuppannagari SRolim JPrasanna V(2020)Crowdsourced Edge: A Novel Networking Paradigm for the Collaborative Community2020 16th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS)10.1109/DCOSS49796.2020.00080(474-481)Online publication date: May-2020
https://doi.org/10.1109/DCOSS49796.2020.00080
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Issue’s Table of Contents