skip to main content
research-article

A Novel Emulation Model of the Cardiac Conduction System

Published: 27 September 2017 Publication History

Abstract

Models of the cardiac conduction system are usually at two extremes: (1) high fidelity models with excellent precision but lacking a real-time response for emulation (hardware in the loop simulation); or (2) models amenable for emulation, but that do not exhibit appropriate dynamic response, which is necessary for arrhythmia susceptibility. We introduce two abstractions to remedy the situation. The first abstraction is a new cell model, which is a semi-linear hybrid automata. The proposed model is as computationally efficient as current state-of-the-art cell models amenable for emulation. Yet, unlike these models, it is also able to capture the dynamic response of the cardiac cell like the higher-fidelity models. The second abstraction is the use of smooth-tokens to develop a new path model, connecting cells, which is efficient in terms of memory consumption. Moreover, the memory requirements of the path model can be statically bounded and are invariant to the emulation step size. Results show that the proposed semi-linear abstraction for the cell reduces the execution time by up to 44%. Furthermore, the smooth-tokens based path model reduces the memory consumption by 40 times when compared to existing path models. This paves the way for the emulation of complex cardiac conduction systems, using hardware code-generators.

References

[1]
Houssam Abbas, Kuk Jin Jiang, Zhihao Jiang, and Rahul Mangharam. 2016. Towards model checking of implantable cardioverter defibrillators. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 87--92.
[2]
Homa Alemzadeh, Ravishankar K. Iyer, Zbigniew Kalbarczyk, and Jai Raman. 2013. Analysis of safety-critical computer failures in medical devices. Security 8 Privacy, IEEE 11, 4 (2013), 14--26.
[3]
N. Allen, S. Andalam, P. Roop, A. Malik, M. Trew, and N. Patel. 2016. Modular code generation for emulating the electrical conduction system of the human heart. In 2016 Design, Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition (DATE). 648--653.
[4]
Rajeev Alur, Costas Courcoubetis, Thomas A. Henzinger, and Pei-Hsin Ho. 1993. Hybrid automata: An algorithmic approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems. In Hybrid Systems. Springer-Verlag, London, UK, 209--229.
[5]
Rajeev Alur, Aditya Kanade, S. Ramesh, and K. C. Shashidhar. 2008. Symbolic analysis for improving simulation coverage of Simulink/Stateflow models. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Software. ACM, 89--98.
[6]
Christel Baier and Joost-Pieter Katoen. 2008. Principles of Model Checking. The MIT Press.
[7]
Benoît Barbot, Marta Kwiatkowska, Alexandru Mereacre, and Nicola Paoletti. 2015. Estimation and verification of hybrid heart models for personalised medical and wearable devices. In 13th International Conference on Computational Methods in Systems Biology (CMSB 2015) (LNCS), Vol. 9308. Springer, 3--7.
[8]
Christopher Brooks, Edward A. Lee, David Lorenzetti, Thierry Nouidui, and Michael Wetter. 2015. Demo: CyPhySim — A cyber-physical systems simulator. In 18th International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control (HSCC 2015). ACM, 301--302. Presented as a demo at HSCC 2015, Seattle.
[9]
Taolue Chen, Marco Diciolla, Marta Kwiatkowska, and Alexandru Mereacre. 2014. Quantitative verification of implantable cardiac pacemakers over hybrid heart models. Information and Computation 236 (2014), 87--101.
[10]
Jasmin Fisher and Thomas A. Henzinger. 2007. Executable cell biology. Nature Biotechnology 25, 11 (2007), 1239--1249.
[11]
Michael R. Franz. 2003. The electrical restitution curve revisited. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 14 (2003), S140--S147.
[12]
Radu Grosu, Gregory Batt, Flavio H. Fenton, James Glimm, Colas Le Guernic, Scott A. Smolka, and Ezio Bartocci. 2011. From cardiac cells to genetic regulatory networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Aided Verification (CAV’11). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 396--411.
[13]
C. Huang, F. Vahid, and T. Givargis. 2011. A custom FPGA processor for physical model ordinary differential equation solving. IEEE Embedded Systems Letters 3, 4 (Dec 2011), 113--116.
[14]
Z. JIang, H. Abbas, K. Jang, and R. Mangharam. 2016. The challenges of high-confidence medical device software. IEEE Computer January Outlook 49, 1 (Jan. 2016), 34--42.
[15]
Z. Jiang, M. Pajic, and R. Mangharam. 2012. Cyber-physical modeling of implantable cardiac medical devices. Proc. IEEE 100, 1 (Jan 2012), 122--137.
[16]
Zhihao Jiang, Miroslav Pajic, Salar Moarref, Rajeev Alur, and Rahul Mangharam. 2014. Closed-loop verification of medical devices with model abstraction and refinement. International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer 16, 2 (Apr 2014), 191--213.
[17]
M. Kwiatkowska, H. Lea-Banks, A. Mereacre, and N. Paoletti. 2014. Formal modelling and validation of rate-adaptive pacemakers. In International Conference on Healthcare Informatics. 23--32.
[18]
Edward A. Lee, Mehrdad Niknami, Thierry S. Nouidui, and Michael Wetter. 2015. Modeling and simulating cyber-physical systems using CyPhySim. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Embedded Software. IEEE Press, 115--124.
[19]
George Ralph Mines. 1913. On dynamic equilibrium in the heart. The Journal of Physiology 46, 4--5 (1913), 349--383.
[20]
J. B. Nolasco and Roger W. Dahlen. 1968. A graphic method for the study of alternation in cardiac action potentials. Journal of Applied Physiology 25, 2 (1968).
[21]
M. L. Trew, B. H. Smail, J. Zhao. 2013. 3D impulse propagation in myocardium. Circulation Research 112 (2013), 834--848.
[22]
N. A. Trayanova. 2014. Your personal virtual heart. IEEE Spectrum (November 2014).
[23]
P. Ye, E. Entcheva, S. A. Smolka, and R. Grosu. 2008. Modelling excitable cells using cycle-linear hybrid automata. Systems Biology, IET 2, 1 (January 2008), 24--32.
[24]
Eugene Yip, Sidharta Andalam, Partha S. Roop, Avinash Malik, Mark Trew, Weiwei Ai, and Nitish Patel. 2016. Towards the emulation of the cardiac conduction system for pacemaker testing. CoRR 1603.05315 (2016).

Cited By

View all
  • (2020)Semantics-Directed Hardware Generation of Hybrid Systems2020 ACM/IEEE 11th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)10.1109/ICCPS48487.2020.00037(259-268)Online publication date: Apr-2020

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems  Volume 16, Issue 5s
Special Issue ESWEEK 2017, CASES 2017, CODES + ISSS 2017 and EMSOFT 2017
October 2017
1448 pages
ISSN:1539-9087
EISSN:1558-3465
DOI:10.1145/3145508
Issue’s Table of Contents
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Journal Family

Publication History

Published: 27 September 2017
Accepted: 01 July 2017
Revised: 01 June 2017
Received: 01 April 2017
Published in TECS Volume 16, Issue 5s

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. Hybrid automata
  2. medical devices
  3. model-in-the-loop
  4. pacemaker
  5. validation

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed

Funding Sources

  • Faculty Research Development Fund (FRDF)

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)3
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
Reflects downloads up to 17 Feb 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2020)Semantics-Directed Hardware Generation of Hybrid Systems2020 ACM/IEEE 11th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)10.1109/ICCPS48487.2020.00037(259-268)Online publication date: Apr-2020

View Options

Login options

Full Access

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media