Luís Eduardo Oliveira Lizardo
ABSTRACT
Geometric primitives defined by OGC and ISO standards, implemented in most modern spatially-enabled database management systems (DBMS), are unable to capture the semantics of richer representation types, as found in current geographic data models. Moreover, relational DBMSs do not directly extend referential integrity mechanisms to cover spatial relationships and to support spatial integrity constraints. Rather, they usually assume that all spatial integrity checking will be carried out by the application, during the data entry process. This is not practical if the DBMS supports many applications, and can lead to redundant and inconsistent work. This paper presents AST-PostGIS, an extension for PostgreSQL/PostGIS that incorporates advanced spatial data types and implements spatial integrity constraints. The extension reduces the distance between the conceptual and the physical designs of spatial databases, by providing richer representations for geo-object and geo-field geometries. It also offers procedures to assert the consistency of spatial relationships during data updates. Such procedures can also be used before enforcing spatial integrity constraints for the first time. We illustrate the use of AST-PostGIS on an urban geographic database design problem, mapping its conceptual schema to the physical implementation in extended SQL.
- Serge Abiteboul and Richard Hull. 1987. IFO: a formal semantic database model. TODS: ACM Transactions on Database Systems 12, 4 (1987), 525--565. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Graça Abrantes and Rogério Carapuça. 1994. Explicit representation of data that depend on topological relationships and control over data consistency. In Proceedings of the 5th European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems, EGIS/MARI '94. Utrecht: EGIS Foundation, Paris, France, 869--877.Google Scholar
- David W. Adler. 2001. DB2 Spatial Extender -- spatial data within the RDBMS. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB '01). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., Roma, Italy, 687--690. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alastair Aitchison. 2009. Beginning Spatial with SQL Server 2008. Apress. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yvan Bédard, Claude Caron, Zakaria Maamar, Bernard Moulin, and Denis Vallière. 1996. Adapting data models for the design of spatio-temporal databases. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 20, 1 (1996), 19--41.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, and Ivar Jacobson. 2005. The Unified Modeling Language User Guide (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Karla A. V. Borges, Clodoveu A. Davis Jr., and Alberto H. F. Laender. 2001. OMT-G: an object-oriented data model for geographic applications. GeoInformatica 5, 3 (2001), 221--260. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Karla A. V. Borges, Clodoveu A. Davis Jr., and Alberto H. F. Laender. 2002. Integrity Constraints in Spatial Databases. In Database Integrity: Challenges and Solutions, Jorge Horacio Doorn and Laura C. Rivero (Eds.). Idea Group, Chapter 5, 144--171. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Karla A. V. Borges, Clodoveu A. Davis Jr., and Alberto H. F. Laender. 2005. Modelagem conceitual de dados geográficos. In Banco de dados geográficos, Marco Antonio Casanova, Gilberto Câmara, Clodoveu A. Davis Jr., Lúbia Vinhas, and Gilberto Ribeiro Queiroz (Eds.). MundoGEO, Chapter 3, 93--146.Google Scholar
- Peter Pin-Shan Chen. 1976. The entity-relationship model -- toward a unified view of data. TODS: ACM Transactions on Database Systems 1, 1 (1976), 9--36. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Eliseo Clementini, Paolino Di Felice, and Peter Van Oosterom. 1993. A Small Set of Formal Topological Relationships Suitable for End-User Interaction. In Advances in Spatial Databases: 3rd International Symposium, SSD '93 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Vol. 692. Springer, Singapore, 277--295. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Clodoveu A. Davis Jr., Karla A. V. Borges, and Alberto H. F. Laender. 2001. Restrições de integridade em bancos de dados geográficos. In Proceedings of the 3rd Brazilian Workshop on GeoInformatics, GEOINFO 2001. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 63--70.Google Scholar
- Clodoveu A. Davis Jr., Karla A. V. Borges, and Alberto H. F. Laender. 2005. Deriving Spatial Integrity Constraints from Geographic Application Schemas. In Encyclopedia of Database Technologies and Applications, Laura C. Rivero, Jorge Horacio Doorn, and Viviana E. Ferraggine (Eds.). Idea Group, 176--183.Google Scholar
- Yi Fang, Marc Friedman, Giri Nair, Michael Rys, and Ana-Elisa Schmid. 2008. Spatial indexing in Microsoft SQL Server 2008. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD '08). ACM, New York, USA, 1207--1216. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Vincenzo Del Fatto, Vincenzo Deufemia, Luca Paolino, and Sara Tumiati. 2015. WiSPY: A Tool for Visual Specification and Verification of Spatial Integrity Constraints. VLSS: Journal of Visual Languages and Sentient Systems 1 (2015), 39--48.Google Scholar
- Andrew U. Frank and David M. Mark. 1991. Language issues for geographical information systems. In Geographical Information Systems: Principles and Applications, D. J. Maguire, M. F. Goodchild, and D. W. Rhind (Eds.). Vol. 1. Longman Scientific and Technical, Chapter 11, 147--163.Google Scholar
- André C. Hora, Clodoveu A. Davis Jr., and Mirella M. Moro. 2010. Generating XML/GML schemas from geographic conceptual schemas. In AMW 2010, Proceedings of the 4th Alberto Mendelzon International Workshop on Foundations of Data Management (CEUR Workshop Proceedings), Vol. 619. CEUR-WS.org, Buenos Aires, Argentina.Google Scholar
- ISO/IEC 13249-3 2016. Information technology -- Database languages -- SQL multimedia and application packages -- Part 3: Spatial. International Standard ISO/IEC 13249-3:2016(E). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.iso.org/standard/60343.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Karen K. Kemp. 1992. Environmental modeling with GIS: a strategy for dealing with spatial continuity. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of California, USA.Google Scholar
- Georg Kosters, Bernd-Uwe Pagel, and Hans-Werner Six. 1997. GIS-application development with GeoOOA. IJGIS 11, 4 (1997), 307--335.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jugurta Lisboa Filho and Cirano Iochpe. 1999. Specifying Analysis Patterns for Geographic Databases on the Basis of a Conceptual Framework. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, GIS '99. ACM, Kansas City, USA, 7--13. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jugurta Lisboa Filho, Mauricio Fidelis Rodrigues Jr., Jaudete Daltio, and Victor de Freitas Sodré. 2004. ArgoCASEGEO -- an open source CASE tool for Geographic Information Systems modeling using the UML-GeoFrame model. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Systems Implementation and Modeling, ISIM '04. Ostrava, Czech Republic, 29--36.Google Scholar
- Jugurta Lisboa Filho, Victor Freitas Sodré, Jaudete Daltio, Maurício Fidelis Rodrigues Jr., and Valério Moysés Vilela. 2004. A CASE Tool for Geographic Database Design Supporting Analysis Patterns. In Proceedings of Conceptual Modeling for Advanced Application Domains, ER 2004 Workshops CoMoGIS, COMWIM, ECDM, CoMoA, DGOV, and ECOMO (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Vol. 3289. Springer, Shanghai, China, 43--54.Google Scholar
- Luís Eduardo Oliveira Lizardo and Clodoveu A. Davis Jr. 2014. OMT-G Designer: a Web tool for modeling geographic databases in OMT-G. In Advances in Conceptual Modeling: 33rd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, ER 2014 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Vol. 8823. Springer, Atlanta, USA, 228--233.Google Scholar
- Jim Melton and Andrew Eisenberg. 2001. SQL multimedia and application packages (SQL/MM). ACM SIGMOD Record 30, 4 (2001), 97--102. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bruce Momjian. 2001. PostgreSQL: Introduction and Concepts. Addison-Wesley. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Regina O. Obe and Leo S. Hsu. 2015. PostGIS in action (2nd ed.). Manning. Google ScholarDigital Library
- OGC 06-103r4 2011. OpenGIS Implementation Standard for Geographic information - Simple feature access -- Part 1: Common architecture. OpenGIS Implementation Standard OGC 06-103r4. Open Geospatial Consortium Inc.Google Scholar
- OGC 06-104r4 2010. OpenGIS Implementation Standard for Geographic information - Simple feature access -- Part 2: SQL option. OpenGIS Implementation Standard OGC 06-104r4. Open Geospatial Consortium Inc.Google Scholar
- Juliano Lopes Oliveira, Fátima Pires, and Claudia Bauzer Medeiros. 1997. An environment for modeling and design of geographic applications. GeoInformatica 1, 1 (1997), 29--58. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Oracle 2017. Spatial and Graph Analytics with Oracle Database 12c Release 2. Technical White Paper. Oracle Corporation.Google Scholar
- Adam Piórkowski. 2011. MySQL Spatial and PostGIS -- implementations of spatial data standards. EJPAU 14, 1 (2011), 1--8.Google Scholar
- James Rumbaugh, Michael Blaha, William Premerlani, Frederick Eddy, William E. Lorensen, et al. 1991. Object-Oriented Modeling and Design. Prentice Hall. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shashi Shekhar, Mark Coyle, Brajesh Goyal, Duen-Ren Liu, and Shyamsundar Sarkar. 1997. Data models in geographic information systems. Commun. ACM 40, 4 (1997), 103--111. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Knut Stolze. 2003. SQL/MM Spatial -- The Standard to Manage Spatial Data in a Relational Database System. In Tagungsband der 10. BTW-Konferenz, BTW 2003 (LNI), Vol. 26. GI, Leipzig, Germany, 247--264.Google Scholar
- Michael Widenius and Davis Axmark. 2002. MySQL Reference Manual: Documentation from the Source. O'Reilly Media. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Michael F. Worboys, Hilary M. Hearnshaw, and David J. Maguire. 1990. Object-oriented data modelling for spatial databases. IJGIS 4, 4 (1990), 369--383.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- A PostGIS extension to support advanced spatial data types and integrity constraints
Recommendations
Formalization and reasoning about spatial semantic integrity constraints
A formalization of spatial semantic integrity constraints is fundamental to assess the data quality of spatial databases. This paper presents a formalization of spatial semantic integrity constraints that provides a uniform specification of constraints ...
AMUN: An Object Oriented Model For Cooperative Spatial Information Systems
KDEX '97: Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Knowledge and Data Engineering Exchange WorkshopThe diversity of spatial information systems promote the need to integrate heterogeneous spatial or geographic information systems (GIS) in a cooperative environment. We present an on going research project, called ISIS (Interoperable Spatial ...
Query rewriting for semantic query optimization in spatial databases
Query processing is an important challenge for spatial databases due to the use of complex data types that represent spatial attributes. In particular, due to the cost of spatial joins, several optimization algorithms based on indexing structures exist. ...
Comments