Nida Khan
ABSTRACT
Blockchain platforms when used as a database for IoT systems can resolve data reliability fault-tolerance, consistency and non-repudiation issues. However, their inherent shortcomings related to their throughput in terms of processed transactions, limit their applicability in such environments in a decentralized way as the underlying network is unable to sustain high workloads. In this paper a fully decentralized high performance consensus mechanism, named FAST, is proposed for a public blockchain. FAST is based on mapreduce paradigm for aggregating and adding transactions on blockchain blocks. FAST was implemented and evaluated in a basic blockchain prototype. A light client for FAST using IPFS, was developed to bring about a reduction in the data stored locally. The obtained results from tests conducted on the prototype depict that FAST exceeds the performance of not just other existing blockchain platforms but comes very close to the throughput of traditional electronic payment networks such as Visa.
- 1901. National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.nist.gov/ U.S Department of Commerce.Google Scholar
- 2018. Secp256k1. Retrieved August 15, 2018 from https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Secp256k1Google Scholar
- Juan Bennet. 2014. IPFS - Content Addressed, Versioned, P2P File System. Retrieved August 15, 2018 from https://github.com/ipfs/reading-listGoogle Scholar
- Ethan Buchman. 2016. Tendermint: Byzantine Fault Tolerance in the Age of Blockchains. Master's thesis. The University of Guelph. (In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Engineering Systems and Computing).Google Scholar
- Miguel Castro and Barbara Liskov. 1999. Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance. Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ethereum JavaScript Community. {n. d.}. ethereumjs/ethereumjs-util. Retrieved August 23, 2018 from https://github.com/ethereumjs/ethereumjs-util/blob/f53d34aec3213c39d117ddabf25dcbddca13ce83/index.js#L351-L367Google Scholar
- Tien Tuan Anh Dinh, Ji Wang, Gang Chen, Rui Liu, Beng Chin Ooi, and Kian-Lee Tan. 2017. BLOCKBENCH: A Framework for Analyzing Private Blockchains. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD'17). ACM Digital Library, 1085--1100. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bin Liu et al. 2017. Blockchain Based Data Integrity Service Framework for IoT Data. IEEE.Google Scholar
- Bret Greenstein. 2018. IoT Trends in 2018: AI, Blockchain, and the Edge. Retrieved August 13, 2018 from https://iot.ieee.org/newsletter/january-2018/iot-trends-in-2018-ai-blockchain-and-the-edgeGoogle Scholar
- Darrel Hankerson, Alfred Menezes, and Scott Vanstone. 2004. Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography. Springer-Verlag, New York. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gareth Jenkinson. 2017. Bitcoin Mining Uses More Power Than Most African Countries. Retrieved August 13, 2018 from https://cointelegraph.com/news/bitcoin-mining-uses-more-power-than-most-african-countriesGoogle Scholar
- Paul Krzyzanowski. 2015. Operating Systems - Process Scheduling/ CS 416. Retrieved August 13, 2018 from https://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/416/notes/07-scheduling.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Leslie Lamport. 1978. Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system. ACM Digital Library 21 (July 1978), 558--565. Issue 7. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease. 1982. The Byzantine Generals Problem, Vol. 4. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 382--401. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Marco Lansiti and Karim R. Lakhani. 2017. The Truth About Blockchain. (January-February 2017). https://hbr.org/2017/01/the-truth-about-blockchainGoogle Scholar
- Kristen Lauter. 2004. The Advantages of Elliptic Curve Cryptography for Wireless Security/ Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved August 13, 2018 from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kristin_Lauter/publication/3435958_The_Advantages_of_Elliptic_Curve_Cryptography_for_Wireless_Security/Iinks/0a85e536d732dae938000000.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Guoping Li, Yun Hou, and Aizhi Wu. 2017. Fourth Industrial Revolution: technological drivers, impacts and coping methods. Springer 27 (August 2017), 626--637. Issue 4.Google Scholar
- Wenting Li, Sebastien Andreina, Jens-Matthias Bohli, and Ghassan Karame. {n.d.}. Securing Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocols. In Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology, Vol. 10436. Springer, Cham, 297--315.Google Scholar
- Xiaoqi Li, Peng Jiang, Ting Chen, Xiapu Luo, and Qiaoyan Wen. 2017. A Survey on the Security of Blockchain Systems, Future Generation Computer Systems.Google Scholar
- Lindsay Lin. 2018. Stellar- Uniqueness/ Differentiation - II. Retrieved August 18, 2018 from https://stellarcommunity.org/t/stellar-meetup-in-singapore/1665/2Google Scholar
- Diana MacLean. 2011. A Very Brief Introduction to MapReduce. Retrieved August 12, 2018 from http://hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs448g/a2/files/map_reduce_tutorial.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Frederic Mahe, Torbjorn Rognes, Christopher Quince, Colomban de Vargas, and Micah Dunthorn. 2014. Swarm: robust and fast clustering method for ampliconbased studies. Peer 2 (9 2014), e593.Google Scholar
- David Mazieres. 2016. The Stellar Consensus Protocol: A Federated Model for Internet-level Consensus. Retrieved August 13, 2018 from https://www.stellar.org/papers/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Retrieved August 13, 2018 from https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Information Technology Laboratory NIST. 2015. Secure Hash Standard (SHS). https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.180-4.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Diego Ongaro and John Ousterhout. 2014. In Search of an Understandable Consensus Algorithm. USENIX Annual Technical Conference. Google ScholarDigital Library
- py-ipfs-api team. 2017. Python IPFS API Documentation. https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/python-ipfs-api/latest/python-ipfs-api.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Certicom Research. 2010. SEC 2: Recommended Elliptic Curve Domain Parameters. http://www.secg.org/sec2-v2.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Armin Ronacher. 2017. Flask Documentation. Retrieved August 15, 2018 from https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/flask/latest/flask.pdfGoogle Scholar
- ETH Gas Station. 2017. Current Dynamics of Transaction Inclusion on Ethereum. Retrieved August 7, 2018 from https://medium.com/@ethgasstation/current-dynamics-of-transaction-inclusion-on-ethereum-ae8912edc960Google Scholar
- Daniel Stenberg. 2017. man pages section 1: User Commands. Retrieved August 15, 2018 from https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E86824_01/html/E54763/curl-1.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Jan Vermeulen. 2016. VisaNet - handling 100,000 transactions per minute. Retrieved August 13, 2018 from https://mybroadband.co.za/news/security/190348-visanet-handling-100000-transactions-per-minute.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Dr. Gavin Wood. {n. d.}. ETHEREUM: A Secure Decentralized Generalized Transaction Ledger, EIP-150 Revision. Retrieved August 23, 2018 from http://gavwood.com/paper.pdfGoogle Scholar
Index Terms
- FAST: A MapReduce Consensus for High Performance Blockchains
Recommendations
RDV: An Alternative To Proof-of-Work And A Real Decentralized Consensus For Blockchain
BlockSys '18: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Blockchain-enabled Networked Sensor SystemsA blockchain is a decentralized ledger where all transactions are recorded. For having a reliable blockchain and double-spending prevention, we need a decentralized consensus and agreement on a blockchain. Bitcoin uses proof-of-work (PoW). It is a ...
ZeroCalo: A Lightweight Blockchain Based on DHT Network
ICBTA '19: Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Blockchain Technology and ApplicationsThe blockchain technology introduced in Satoshi Nakamoto's paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" bring a realistic distributed way of transaction to this world. The alternative blockchain Ethereum improved some demerits of Bitcoin. ...
Fast-to-Finalize Nakamoto-Like Consensus
Information Security and PrivacyAbstractAs the fundamental component of blockchains, proof-of-work (PoW) scheme has been widely leveraged to provide consensus for maintaining a distributed public ledger. However, the long confirmation time, and hence the slow finality rate, is far from ...
Comments