research-article

CardioFi: Enabling Heart Rate Monitoring on Unmodified COTS WiFi Devices

Authors:

Abdelwahed Khamis,

Chun Tung Chou,

Branislav Kusy,

Wen HuAuthors Info & Claims

MobiQuitous '18: Proceedings of the 15th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services

Pages 97 - 106

https://doi.org/10.1145/3286978.3287003

Published: 05 November 2018 Publication History

Abstract

Heart rate is one of the most important vital signals for personal health tracking. A number of approaches were proposed to monitor heart rate, ranging from wearables to device-less systems. While WiFi has been shown to track heart rate accurately, existing solutions rely on directional antennas to improve the signal quality and ultimately the accuracy of heart rate estimation. Special hardware used in these approaches limits their applicability and truly device-less and ubiquitous heart rate monitoring is yet to be achieved.

In this paper, we propose CardioFi: a system that can accurately monitor vital signs through COTS WiFi hardware with omnidirectional antennas. Our key challenge is the substantial radio frequency noise that affects WiFi transmissions in real-world environments. However, we observe that a few sub-carriers are typically less affected by multipath and the heart beating motion can be accurately detected in their frequency spectrum. We present a novel sub-carrier selection scheme that allows us to detect and amplify signal from these sub-carriers even in low signal-to-noise ratio scenarios. We show that CardioFi estimates heart rate with 1.1 beats per minute (bpm) median error, which compares favorably with systems equipped with directional antennas. Furthermore, we show that state-of-art heart rate estimation algorithms do not perform well in low SNR scenarios and CardioFi improves their 50- and 90-th percentile error by 40% and 176%, respectively.

References

[1]

2018. Meditation offers significant heart benefits. https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/meditation-offers-significant-heart-benefits {Online; accessed 1-July-2018}.

[2]

2018. Polar H7. https://support.polar.com/au-en/support/H7_heart_rate_sensor {Online; accessed 1-July-2018}.

[3]

Heba Abdelnasser, Khaled A Harras, and Moustafa Youssef. 2015. UbiBreathe: A ubiquitous non-invasive WiFi-based breathing estimator. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. ACM, 277--286.

Digital Library

[4]

Fadel Adib, Hongzi Mao, Zachary Kabelac, Dina Katabi, and Robert C Miller. 2015. Smart homes that monitor breathing and heart rate. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, 837--846.

Digital Library

[5]

Guha Balakrishnan, Fredo Durand, and John Guttag. 2013. Detecting pulse from head motions in video. In Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2013 IEEE Conference on. IEEE, 3430--3437.

Digital Library

[6]

Christopher R Cole, Eugene H Blackstone, Fredric J Pashkow, Claire E Snader, and Michael S Lauer. 1999. Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality. New England journal of medicine 341, 18 (1999), 1351--1357.

[7]

Anne De Groote, Muriel Wantier, Guy Chéron, Marc Estenne, and Manuel Paiva. 1997. Chest wall motion during tidal breathing. Journal of Applied Physiology 83, 5 (1997), 1531--1537.

[8]

M Di Rienzo, E Vaini, P Castiglioni, G Merati, P Meriggi, G Parati, A Faini, and F Rizzo. 2013. Wearable seismocardiography: Towards a beat-by-beat assessment of cardiac mechanics in ambulant subjects. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 178, 1 (2013), 50--59.

[9]

Daniel Halperin, Wenjun Hu, Anmol Sheth, and David Wetherall. 2011. Tool release: Gathering 802.11 n traces with channel state information. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 41, 1 (2011), 53--53.

Digital Library

[10]

Teng Han, Xiang Xiao, Lanfei Shi, John Canny, and Jingtao Wang. 2015. Balancing accuracy and fun: Designing camera based mobile games for implicit heart rate monitoring. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 847--856.

Digital Library

[11]

Javier Hernandez, Daniel J McDuff, and Rosalind W Picard. 2015. Biophone: Physiology monitoring from peripheral smartphone motions. In Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE. IEEE, 7180--7183.

[12]

Donny Huang, Rajalakshmi Nandakumar, and Shyamnath Gollakota. 2014. Feasibility and limits of wi-fi imaging. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems. ACM, 266--279.

Digital Library

[13]

E Jonathan and Martin Leahy. 2010. Investigating a smartphone imaging unit for photoplethysmography. Physiological measurement 31, 11 (2010), N79.

[14]

Jian Liu, Yingying Chen, Yan Wang, Xu Chen, Jerry Cheng, and Jie Yang. 2018. Monitoring Vital Signs and Postures During Sleep Using WiFi Signals. IEEE Internet of Things Journal (2018).

[15]

Jian Liu, Yan Wang, Yingying Chen, Jie Yang, Xu Chen, and Jerry Cheng. 2015. Tracking vital signs during sleep leveraging off-the-shelf wifi. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. ACM, 267--276.

Digital Library

[16]

Xuefeng Liu, Jiannong Cao, Shaojie Tang, and Jiaqi Wen. 2014. Wi-Sleep: Contactless sleep monitoring via WiFi signals. In Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS), 2014 IEEE. IEEE, 346--355.

[17]

Pedro Melgarejo, Xinyu Zhang, Parameswaran Ramanathan, and David Chu. 2014. Leveraging directional antenna capabilities for fine-grained gesture recognition. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, 541--551.

Digital Library

[18]

Reham Mohamed and Moustafa Youssef. 2017. HeartSense: Ubiquitous Accurate Multi-Modal Fusion-based Heart Rate Estimation Using Smartphones. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 1, 3 (2017), 97.

Digital Library

[19]

Panagiotis Pelegris, K Banitsas, T Orbach, and Kostas Marias. 2010. A novel method to detect heart beat rate using a mobile phone. In Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE. IEEE, 5488--5491.

[20]

Kun Qian, Chenshu Wu, Fu Xiao, Yue Zheng, Yi Zhang, Zheng Yang, and Yunhao Liu. 2018. Acousticcardiogram: Monitoring Heartbeats using Acoustic Signals on Smart Devices. (2018).

[21]

G Ramachandran and M Singh. 1989. Three-dimensional reconstruction of cardiac displacement patterns on the chest wall during the P, QRS and T-segments of the ECG by laser speckle inteferometry. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 27, 5 (1989), 525--530.

[22]

Ghufran Shafiq and Kalyana C Veluvolu. 2014. Surface chest motion decomposition for cardiovascular monitoring. Scientific reports 4 (2014), 5093.

[23]

Sheng Tan and Jie Yang. 2016. WiFinger: leveraging commodity WiFi for fine-grained finger gesture recognition. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. ACM, 201--210.

Digital Library

[24]

Sergey Tulyakov, Xavier Alameda-Pineda, Elisa Ricci, Lijun Yin, Jeffrey F Cohn, and Nicu Sebe. 2016. Self-adaptive matrix completion for heart rate estimation from face videos under realistic conditions. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2396--2404.

[25]

Neal Wadhwa, Michael Rubinstein, Frédo Durand, and William T Freeman. 2013. Phase-based video motion processing. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 32, 4 (2013), 80.

Digital Library

[26]

Guanhua Wang, Yongpan Zou, Zimu Zhou, Kaishun Wu, and Lionel M Ni. 2016. We can hear you with wifi! IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 15, 11 (2016), 2907--2920.

Digital Library

[27]

Hao Wang, Daqing Zhang, Junyi Ma, Yasha Wang, Yuxiang Wang, Dan Wu, Tao Gu, and Bing Xie. 2016. Human respiration detection with commodity wifi devices: do user location and body orientation matter?. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, 25--36.

Digital Library

[28]

Xuyu Wang, Chao Yang, and Shiwen Mao. 2017. PhaseBeat: Exploiting CSI phase data for vital sign monitoring with commodity WiFi devices. In Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on. IEEE, 1230--1239.

[29]

Xuyu Wang, Chao Yang, and Shiwen Mao. 2017. TensorBeat: Tensor decomposition for monitoring multi-person breathing beats with commodity WiFi. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.02046 (2017).

Digital Library

[30]

Hao-Yu Wu, Michael Rubinstein, Eugene Shih, John Guttag, Frédo Durand, and William Freeman. 2012. Eulerian video magnification for revealing subtle changes in the world. (2012).

Digital Library

[31]

Zhicheng Yang, Parth H Pathak, Yunze Zeng, Xixi Liran, and Prasant Mohapatra. 2016. Monitoring vital signs using millimeter wave. In MobiHoc. 211--220.

Digital Library

[32]

Zheng Yang, Zimu Zhou, and Yunhao Liu. 2013. From RSSI to CSI: Indoor localization via channel response. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 46, 2 (2013), 25.

Digital Library

[33]

J. Zhang, B. Wei, W. Hu, and S. S. Kanhere. 2016. WiFi-ID: Human Identification Using WiFi Signal. In 2016 International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS). 75--82.

[34]

Jin Zhang, Weitao Xu, Wen Hu, and Salil Kanhere. 2017. WiCare: Towards In-Situ Breath Monitoring. In 14th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services (MOBIQUITOUS). ACM.

Digital Library

[35]

Mingmin Zhao, Fadel Adib, and Dina Katabi. 2016. Emotion recognition using wireless signals. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. ACM, 95--108.

Digital Library

Cited By

Sun JBian XLi M(2024)Non-Contact Heart Rate Monitoring Method Based on Wi-Fi CSI SignalSensors10.3390/s2407211124:7(2111)Online publication date: 26-Mar-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072111
Wang YWang ZZhang JZhang HXu M(2024)Vital Sign Monitoring in Dynamic Environment via mmWave Radar and Camera FusionIEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing10.1109/TMC.2023.3288850(1-17)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2023.3288850
Kontou PSmida SAnagnostou D(2024)Contactless Respiration Monitoring Using Wi-Fi and Artificial Neural Network Detection MethodIEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics10.1109/JBHI.2023.333700128:3(1297-1308)Online publication date: Mar-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2023.3337001
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

CardioFi: Enabling Heart Rate Monitoring on Unmodified COTS WiFi Devices
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Ubiquitous and mobile computing

Recommendations

Effect of CPAP therapy on daytime cardiovascular regulations in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder with a high prevalence that causes pathological changes in cardiovascular regulation during the night and also during daytime. We investigated whether the treatment of OSA at night by means of continuous ...
openwifi CSI fuzzer for authorized sensing and covert channels
WiSec '21: Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks

CSI (Channel State Information) of WiFi systems contains the environment channel response between the transmitter and the receiver, so the people/objects and their movement in between can be sensed. To get CSI, the receiver performs channel estimation ...
Impaired coronary blood flow at higher heart rates during atrial fibrillation: Investigation via multiscale modelling
Highlights
- We computationally study the role of atrial fibrillation (AF) on coronary perfusion.
- Different heart rates (HR=50, 70, 90, 110, 130 bpm) in AF are explored.
- Coronary hemodynamics is altered due to the HR increase and beat-to-beat ...
Abstract Background
Different mechanisms have been proposed to relate atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary flow impairment, even in absence of relevant coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the underlying hemodynamics remains unclear. Aim of the ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences

MobiQuitous '18: Proceedings of the 15th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services

November 2018

490 pages

ISBN:9781450360937

DOI:10.1145/3286978

General Chairs:
Henning Schulzrinne
Columbia University, USA
,
Pan Li
Case Western Reserve University, USA

Copyright © 2018 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

In-Cooperation

EAI: The European Alliance for Innovation

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 05 November 2018

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed limited

Conference

MobiQuitous '18

MobiQuitous '18: Computing, Networking and Services

November 5 - 7, 2018

NY, New York, USA

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 26 of 87 submissions, 30%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

18
Total Citations
View Citations
524
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)82
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)11

Reflects downloads up to 02 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Sun JBian XLi M(2024)Non-Contact Heart Rate Monitoring Method Based on Wi-Fi CSI SignalSensors10.3390/s2407211124:7(2111)Online publication date: 26-Mar-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072111
Wang YWang ZZhang JZhang HXu M(2024)Vital Sign Monitoring in Dynamic Environment via mmWave Radar and Camera FusionIEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing10.1109/TMC.2023.3288850(1-17)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2023.3288850
Kontou PSmida SAnagnostou D(2024)Contactless Respiration Monitoring Using Wi-Fi and Artificial Neural Network Detection MethodIEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics10.1109/JBHI.2023.333700128:3(1297-1308)Online publication date: Mar-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2023.3337001
Gouveia BGaldino ICaballero ESoto JRamos TGuerra RMuchaluat-Saade DAlbuquerque C(2024)Parameter tuning for accurate heart rate measurement using Wi-Fi signals2024 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC)10.1109/ICNC59896.2024.10556168(407-411)Online publication date: 19-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNC59896.2024.10556168
Alzaabi AArslan TPolydorides N(2024)Non-Contact Wi-Fi Sensing of Respiration Rate for Older Adults in Care: A Validity and Repeatability StudyIEEE Access10.1109/ACCESS.2024.334970012(6400-6412)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3349700
Guo XWang YCheng JChen YGuo XWang YCheng JChen Y(2024)IntroductionMobile Technologies for Smart Healthcare System Design10.1007/978-3-031-57345-3_1(1-11)Online publication date: 3-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57345-3_1
Xie YGuo XWang YCheng JChen Y(2024)Universal Targeted Adversarial Attacks Against mmWave-Based Human Activity RecognitionNetwork Security Empowered by Artificial Intelligence10.1007/978-3-031-53510-9_7(177-211)Online publication date: 24-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53510-9_7
Yang YWang HJiang RGuo XCheng JChen Y(2022)A Review of IoT-Enabled Mobile Healthcare: Technologies, Challenges, and Future TrendsIEEE Internet of Things Journal10.1109/JIOT.2022.31444009:12(9478-9502)Online publication date: 15-Jun-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2022.3144400
Codling JCohen LKalivarapu VNoh HZhang P(2022)Poster Abstract: SeatBeats Heart Rate Monitoring System using Structural Seat Vibrations2022 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN)10.1109/IPSN54338.2022.00056(511-512)Online publication date: May-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/IPSN54338.2022.00056
Pu YJiang YHu H(2022)HR‐HAR: A hierarchical relation representation for human activity recognition based on Wi‐FiIET Communications10.1049/cmu2.1249717:1(29-44)Online publication date: 11-Oct-2022
https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.12497
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Table of Conten