ABSTRACT
The alternative use of travel time is a widely discussed benefits of driverless cars. We therefore conducted 14 co-design sessions to examine how people manage their time, to determine how they perceive the value of time in driverless cars and derive design implications. Our findings suggest that driverless mobility will affect people's use of travel time and their time management in general. The participants repeatedly stated the desire of completing tasks while traveling to save time for activities that are normally neglected in everyday life. Using travel time efficiently requires using car space efficiently. We found out that the design concept of tiny houses could serve as common design pattern to deal with the limited space within cars and support diverse needs.
Supplemental Material
- Audi Audi Aicon Concept INTERIOR (High Tech Living Room on Wheels) LUXURY SUV | LEVEL 5 Autonomous Car.Google Scholar
- Becker, G.S. 1965. A Theory of the Allocation of Time. The economic journal. (1965), 493--517.Google Scholar
- Biernacki, P. and Waldorf, D. 1981. Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological methods & research. 10, 2 (1981), 141--163.Google Scholar
- Blythe, M. 2014. Research through design fiction: narrative in real and imaginary abstracts. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2014), 703--712. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Brencic, V. and Young, D. 2009. Time-saving innovations, time allocation, and energy use: Evidence from Canadian households. Ecological Economics. 68, 11 (2009), 2859-- 2867.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Brown, B. 2017. The Social Life of Autonomous Cars. Computer. 50, 2 (2017), 92--96. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Brown, B. and Laurier, E. 2017. The Trouble with Autopilots: Assisted and Autonomous Driving on the Social Road. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2017), 416--429. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Camacho, T.D. et al. 2013. Pervasive technology and public transport: Opportunities beyond telematics. IEEE Pervasive Computing. 12, 1 (2013), 18--25. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Carlin, T. 2014. Tiny homes: Improving carbon footprint and the American lifestyle on a large scale. Celebrating Scholarship & Creativity Day. (Apr. 2014).Google Scholar
- Coyne, I.T. 1997. Sampling in qualitative research. Purposeful and theoretical sampling; merging or clear boundaries? Journal of advanced nursing. 26, 3 (1997), 623--630.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cycil, C. et al. 2014. Designing for frustration and disputes in the family car. (2014).Google Scholar
- Cyganski, R. et al. 2015. Travel-time valuation for automated driving: A use-case-driven study. Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting of the TRB (2015).Google Scholar
- Denef, S. et al. 2011. Designing for social configurations: Pattern languages to inform the design of ubiquitous computing. International Journal of Design. 5, 3 (2011).Google Scholar
- Diels, C. 2014. Will autonomous vehicles make us sick. Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors. (2014), 301--307.Google Scholar
- Elias, N. 1994. The civilizing process, trans. Edmund Jephcott. Oxford: Blackwell. 65, (1994), 1.Google Scholar
- Evans, A.W. 1972. On the theory of the valuation and allocation of time. Scottish Journal of Political Economy. 19, 1 (1972), 1--17.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Fagnant, D.J. and Kockelman, K.M. 2014. The travel and environmental implications of shared autonomous vehicles, using agent-based model scenarios. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 40, (2014), 1--13.Google Scholar
- Feldman, L.P. and Hornik, J. 1981. The use of time: An integrated conceptual model. Journal of consumer research. 7, 4 (1981), 407--419.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ferguson, H. 2009. Driven to care: The car, automobility and social work. Mobilities. 4, 2 (2009), 275--293.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ferris, B. et al. 2010. OneBusAway: results from providing real-time arrival information for public transit. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2010), 1807--1816. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fraunhofer IAO and Horváth & Partners 2016. »The Value of Time«Nutzerbezogene Service-Potenziale durch autonomes Fahren.Google Scholar
- Goodchild, M.F. and Janelle, D.G. 2004. Spatially integrated social science. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Gronau, R. 1973. The effect of children on the housewife's value of time. Journal of Political Economy. 81, 2, Part 2 (1973), S168--S199.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Groupe PSA 2016. OpenLab Design - le véhicule autonome et connecté vu par la génération Y.Google Scholar
- Guenes, E.B. et al. 2018. The Digital Driver of the Future- User Experience Research on Generation Z in Germany. Road Vehicle Automation 4. Springer. 57--68.Google Scholar
- Hägerstrand, T. 1985. Time-geography: focus on the corporeality of man, society and environment. The science and praxis of complexity. (1985), 193--216.Google Scholar
- Hall, E.T. 1984. The dance of life: The other dimension of time. (1984).Google Scholar
- Halskov, K. and Dalsgård, P. 2006. Inspiration card workshops. Proceedings of the 6th conference on Designing Interactive systems (2006), 2--11. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Heikkinen, J. et al. 2013. Mobile devices as infotainment user interfaces in the car: contextual study and design implications. Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services (2013), 137--146. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hupkes, G. 1982. The law of constant travel time and triprates. Futures. 14, 1 (1982), 38--46.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jain, J. and Lyons, G. 2008. The gift of travel time. Journal of transport geography. 16, 2 (2008), 81--89.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jakobi, T. et al. 2017. The Catch (es) with Smart Home: Experiences of a Living Lab Field Study. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2017), 1620--1633. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Johnson, M.B. 1966. Travel time and the price of leisure. Economic Inquiry. 4, 2 (1966), 135--145.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kahneman, D. et al. 2004. A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The day reconstruction method. Science. 306, 5702 (2004), 1776-- 1780.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kennedy, R. 2015. Looking back to move forward: the Dymaxion revisited. Procedia Technology. 20, (2015), 46-- 53.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Keyes, R. 1991. Timelock: How life got so hectic and what you can do about it. Harpercollins.Google Scholar
- Koo, J. et al. 2015. Why did my car just do that? Explaining semi-autonomous driving actions to improve driver understanding, trust, and performance. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM). 9, 4 (2015), 269--275.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Krueger, R. et al. 2016. Preferences for shared autonomous vehicles. Transportation research part C: emerging technologies. 69, (2016), 343--355.Google Scholar
- Kun, A.L. et al. 2016. Shifting gears: User interfaces in the age of autonomous driving. IEEE Pervasive Computing. 15, 1 (2016), 32--38. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lancaster, K.J. 1966. A new approach to consumer theory. Journal of political economy. 74, 2 (1966), 132--157.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lauer, R.H. 1981. Temporal man: The meaning and uses of social time. (1981).Google Scholar
- Laurier, E. 2004. Doing office work on the motorway. Theory, Culture & Society. 21, 4--5 (2004), 261--277.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Laurier, E. et al. 2008. Driving and 'passengering': Notes on the ordinary organization of car travel. Mobilities. 3, 1 (2008), 1--23.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lee, C. et al. 2017. Age Differences in Acceptance of Selfdriving Cars: A Survey of Perceptions and Attitudes. International Conference on Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population (2017), 3--13.Google Scholar
- Lee, K.J. et al. 2014. Partially intelligent automobiles and driving experience at the moment of system transition. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2014), 3631--3634. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lipovac, K. et al. 2017. Mobile phone use while drivingliterary review. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour. 47, (2017), 132--142.Google Scholar
- Lipson, H. and Kurman, M. 2016. Driverless: Intelligent Cars and the Road Ahead. MIT Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Litman, T. 2014. Autonomous vehicle implementation predictions. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. 28, (2014).Google Scholar
- Lorsignol, F. 2016. The next big paradigm shift in automotive design. Felix Lorsignol.Google Scholar
- Löwgren, J. 2006. Articulating the use qualities of digital designs. Aesthetic computing. (2006), 383--403.Google Scholar
- Lyons, G. et al. 2007. The use of travel time by rail passengers in Great Britain. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 41, 1 (2007), 107--120.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lyons, G. and Urry, J. 2005. Travel time use in the information age. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 39, 2 (2005), 257--276.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Madigan, R. et al. 2016. Acceptance of automated road transport systems (ARTS): an adaptation of the UTAUT model. Transportation Research Procedia. 14, (2016), 2217--2226.Google Scholar
- Matt Rollins Total Recall - Johnny Cab.Google Scholar
- Mayring, P. 2014. Qualitative content analysis: theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution. (2014).Google Scholar
- McCall, R. et al. 2016. Towards a taxonomy of autonomous vehicle handover situations. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (2016), 193--200. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mercedes-Benz 2015. Mercedes-Benz F 015 Concept Car.Google Scholar
- Mercedes-Benz The F 015 Luxury in Motion Future City - Mercedes-Benz original.Google Scholar
- Meschtscherjakov, A. et al. 2015. Experiencing Autonomous Vehicles: Crossing the Boundaries between a Drive and a Ride. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2015), 2413--2416. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Metz, D. 2008. The myth of travel time saving. Transport reviews. 28, 3 (2008), 321--336.Google Scholar
- Mok, B. et al. 2017. Tunneled in: Drivers with active secondary tasks need more time to transition from automation. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2017), 2840--2844. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mokhtarian, P.L. and Chen, C. 2004. TTB or not TTB, that is the question: a review and analysis of the empirical literature on travel time (and money) budgets. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 38, 9 (2004), 643--675.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nissan 2015. Together We Ride.Google Scholar
- Nowotny, H. 2015. Time: The modern and postmodern experience. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
- Oevermann, U. 1981. Fallrekonstruktionen und Strukturgeneralisierung als Beitrag der objektiven Hermeneutik zur soziologisch-strukturtheoretischen Analyse. (1981).Google Scholar
- Oh, H. et al. 2004. What virtual reality can offer to the furniture industry. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management. 4, 1 (2004), 1--17.Google Scholar
- O'Hara, K. et al. 2002. Exploring the relationship between mobile phone and document activity during business travel. Wireless world. Springer. 180--194. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ohn-Bar, E. and Trivedi, M.M. 2016. Looking at humans in the age of self-driving and highly automated vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles. 1, 1 (2016), 90-- 104.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Pakusch, C. et al. 2018. Shared Autonomous Vehicles: Potentials for a Sustainable Mobility and Risks of Unintended Effects. (2018).Google Scholar
- Pakusch, C. et al. 2018. Unintended Effects of Autonomous Driving: A Study on Mobility Preferences in the Future. Sustainability. 10, 7 (Jul. 2018), 2404.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Pakusch, C. et al. 2016. Using, Sharing, and Owning Smart Cars-A Future Scenario Analysis Taking General SocioTechnical Trends into Account. Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on e - Business and Telecommunications (ICETE 2016) (2016). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Paredes, P.E. et al. 2018. Fast & Furious: Detecting Stress with a Car Steering Wheel. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2018), 665. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Petermans, A. and Pohlmeyer, A. 2014. Design for subjective well-being in interior architecture. (2014).Google Scholar
- Pfleging, B. et al. 2016. Investigating user needs for nondriving-related activities during automated driving. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (2016), 91--99. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rawls, A.W. 2005. Garfinkel's conception of time. Time & Society. 14, 2--3 (2005), 163--190.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Regtop, K. 2016. The self-driving vehicle in video advertisements.Google Scholar
- Riener, A. et al. 2016. Automotive User Interfaces in the Age of Automation (Dagstuhl Seminar 16262). Dagstuhl Reports (2016).Google Scholar
- Riener, A. et al. 2016. Workshop Automotive HMI. Mensch und Computer 2016--Workshopband. (2016).Google Scholar
- Rifkin, J. 1987. Time wars: The primary conflict in human history. Henry Holt and Co.Google Scholar
- Rinspeed 2014. Rinspeed XchangE concept video presentation.Google Scholar
- Robinson, J. and Godbey, G. 2010. Time for life: The surprising ways Americans use their time. Penn State Press.Google Scholar
- Rödel, C. et al. 2014. Towards autonomous cars: the effect of autonomy levels on acceptance and user experience. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (2014), 1--8. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rolls-Royce Motor Cars 2016. The visionary Rolls-Royce 103EX. Journey into the future of luxury.Google Scholar
- Ryan, D. 2005. Time and social theory. Encyclopedia of Social Theory ,. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Sanders, E.B.-N. and Stappers, P.J. 2008. Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. Co-design. 4, 1 (2008), 5-- 18.Google Scholar
- Schutz, A. 1967. The phenomenology of the social world. Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
- Sennett, R. 2011. The corrosion of character: The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism. WW Norton & Company.Google Scholar
- Slavid, R. 2009. Micro: Very Small Buildings. Laurence King Publishing.Google Scholar
- Smolnicki, P.M. and Sotys, J. 2016. Driverless Mobility: The Impact on Metropolitan Spatial Structures. Procedia Engineering. 161, (2016), 2184--2190.Google Scholar
- Spieser, K. et al. 2014. Toward a systematic approach to the design and evaluation of automated mobility-ondemand systems: A case study in Singapore. Road Vehicle Automation. Springer. 229--245.Google Scholar
- Stein, M. et al. 2017. Mobility in later life: Appropriation of an integrated transportation platform. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2017), 5716--5729. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Stevens, G. et al. 2016. From a Driver-centric towards a Service-centric lens on Driverless Cars. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2016).Google Scholar
- Streitz, N.A. et al. 2005. Designing smart artifacts for smart environments. Computer. 38, 3 (2005), 41--49. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Torre, R.R. 2007. Time's social metaphors: An empirical research. Time & society. 16, 2--3 (2007), 157--187.Google Scholar
- Toyota UK 2011. Toyota FUN-Vii: Future mobility in 20XX - 42nd Tokyo Motor Show 2011.Google Scholar
- Urry, J. 2012. Sociology beyond societies: Mobilities for the twenty-first century. Routledge.Google Scholar
- Volkswagen Group Research 2016. Italdesign Gira Concept -- Autonomous Car Interior.Google Scholar
- Volvo Cars 2016. Volvo Cars: The Future Of Excellence.Google Scholar
- Walch, M. et al. 2015. Autonomous driving: investigating the feasibility of car-driver handover assistance. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (2015), 11--18. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Watkins, K.E. et al. 2011. Where Is My Bus? Impact of mobile real-time information on the perceived and actual wait time of transit riders. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 45, 8 (2011), 839--848.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Wright, L. 1968. Clockwork man: The story of time, its origins, its uses, its tyranny. Horizon Press.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Using Time and Space Efficiently in Driverless Cars: Findings of a Co-Design Study
Recommendations
Efficient parking control algorithms for self-driving cars
We explored the problems which will soon arise while parking in car parks. These include structure of parking lot suitable for autonomous cars, finding the closest parking slot available, and navigation to the location. In this paper, we explored the ...
Accelerating the Race to Autonomous Cars
KDD '16: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data MiningEvery automaker is working on driver assistance systems and self-driving cars. Conventional computer vision used for ADAS is reaching its threshold because it is impossible to write code for every possible scenario as a vehicle navigates. In order to ...
Are automated vehicles safer than manually driven cars?
AbstractAre automated vehicles really safer than manually driven vehicles? If so, how would we know? Answering this question has spurred a contentious debate. Unfortunately, several issues make answering this question difficult for the foreseeable future. ...
Comments