skip to main content
10.1145/3307772.3328293acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication Pagese-energyConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Design of a TCP-like Smart Charging Controller for Power Quality in Electrical Distribution Systems

Published: 15 June 2019 Publication History

Abstract

The increase in Electric Vehicles (EV) penetration may add a significant amount of load to the power grid potentially causing several challenges like overloading of assets and big voltage drops on feeder lines. Overcoming those challenges will be hard because of the variability and unpredictability of EV loads, namely, the lack of information on when, where, for how long or how fast charging processes of EVs would take place. However, the EV extra load had arguably not been taken into account when the distribution grid was designed originally. In addition, expanding the distribution and transmission capacity is a very costly and long process. Hence, it is necessary to adopt a smart EV charging approach to address the issues of peak load and power quality. This work focuses on proposing and evaluating a new smart EV charging controller inspired by the slow start mechanism of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) on the Internet. The controller is a part of a distributed smart charging architecture and responds to indication signals regarding the grid state in real time. The indication process adopts a traffic light model and is performed in a distributed way at the grid connection point of each individual Charging Station (CS). Thanks to the notification mechanism, the controller is able to deal with the overloading of assets and keeps the voltage within the allowed boundaries as predefined by the grid operator. The voltage control considers not only the CS but also predetermined remote points.

References

[1]
{n. d.}. AKKA Streams. Accessed on 03 May 2019. http://doc.akka.io/docs/akka/current/java/stream/index.html
[2]
{n. d.}. Reactive Streams. Accessed on 03 May 2019. http://www.reactive-streams.org/
[3]
M. Alonso, H. Amaris, J. Germain, and J. Galan. 2014. Optimal charging scheduling of electric vehicles in smart grids by heuristic algorithms. Energies 7, 4 (2014), 2449--2475.
[4]
A. Alyousef, D. Danner, F. Kupzog, and H. de Meer. 2018. Enhancing power quality in electrical distribution systems using a smart charging architecture. Energy Informatics 1, 1 (10 Oct 2018), 28.
[5]
O. Ardakanian, C. Rosenberg, and S. Keshav. 2012. Real-Time Distributed Congestion Control for Electrical Vehicle Charging. SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev. 40, 3 (Jan. 2012), 38--42.
[6]
O. Ardakanian, C. Rosenberg, and S. Keshav. 2013. Distributed control of electric vehicle charging. Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Future energy systems - e-Energy '13 (2013), 101.
[7]
BDEW Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft e.V. 2013. BDEW Roadmap, Realistic Steps for the Implementation of Smart Grids in Germany. https://www.bdew.de/energie/bdew-roadmap-smart-grids/ Accessed on 2nd of Jan. 2018.
[8]
C. Chung, J. Chynoweth, C. Chu, and R. Gadh. 2014. Master-Slave control scheme in electric vehicle smart charging infrastructure. The Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014).
[9]
A. Cichon, P. Fracz, and D. Zmarzly. 2011. Characteristic of acoustic signals generated by operation of on load tap changers. Acta Physica Polonica A 120, 4 (2011), 585--588.
[10]
David D Clark. 1995. The design philosophy of the DARPA internet protocols. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 25, 1 (1995), 102--111.
[11]
Joaquim Delgado, Ricardo Faria, Pedro Moura, and Aníbal T de Almeida. 2018. Impacts of plug-in electric vehicles in the portuguese electrical grid. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 62 (2018), 372--385.
[12]
DIgSILENT. 2018. Digital Simulation and Network Calculation. www.digsilent.de/en/powerfactory.html Accessed on 20th of Dec. 2018.
[13]
EN Standard. 2010. 50160. Voltage characteristics of public distribution systems (2010), 18.
[14]
M. Faschang, F. Kupzog, R. Mosshammer, and A. Einfalt. 2013. Rapid control prototyping platform for networked smart grid systems. In IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. 8172--8176. Accessed on 20th of Dec. 2018.
[15]
Apache Software Foundation. {n. d.}. Apache Kafka: A Distributed Streaming Platform. Accessed on 18 Jan 2019. https://kafka.apache.org/
[16]
Tanuja Ganu, Deva P Seetharam, Vijay Arya, Rajesh Kunnath, Jagabondhu Hazra, Saiful A Husain, Liyanage Chandratilake De Silva, and Shivkumar Kalyanaraman. 2012. nPlug: a smart plug for alleviating peak loads. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Future Energy Systems: Where Energy, Computing and Communication Meet (e-Energy '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 30, 10 pages.
[17]
V. Gupta, S. R. Konda, R. Kumar, and B. K. Panigrahi. 2018. Multiaggregator Collaborative Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling Under Variable Energy Purchase and EV Cancelation Events. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 14, 7 (July 2018), 2894--2902.
[18]
Y. He, B. Venkatesh, and L. Guan. 2012. Optimal Scheduling for Charging and Discharging of Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 3, 3 (Sep. 2012), 1095--1105.
[19]
L. Held, H. KrÃd'mer, M. Zimmerlin, M. R. Suriyah, T. Leibfried, L. Ratajczak, S. Lossau, and M. Konermann. 2018. Dimensioning of battery storage as temporary equipment during grid reinforcement caused by electric vehicles. In 2018 53rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). 1--6.
[20]
Van Jacobson. 1988. Congestion avoidance and control. In ACM SIGCOMM computer communication review, Vol. 18. ACM, 314--329.
[21]
L. Jian, Y. Zheng, and z. Shao. 2017. High efficient valley-filling strategy for centralized coordinated charging of large-scale electric vehicles. Applied Energy 186 (2017), 46--55.
[22]
F. Kong, X. Liu, Z. Sun, and Q. Wang. 2016. Smart Rate Control and Demand Balancing for Electric Vehicle Charging. In 2016 ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS). IEEE, 1--10.
[23]
Niels Leemput, Frederik Geth, Juan Van Roy, Pol Olivella-Rosell, Johan Driesen, and Andreas Sumper. 2015. MV and LV residential grid impact of combined slow and fast charging of electric vehicles. Energies 8, 3 (2015), 1760--1783.
[24]
Mingming Liu and SeÃąn McLoone. 2015. Enhanced AIMD-based decentralized residential charging of EVs. Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 37, 7 (2015), 853--867.
[25]
M. Longo, D. Zaninelli, F. Viola, P. Romano, R. Miceli, M. Caruso, and F. Pellitteri. 2016. Recharge stations: A review. In 2016 Eleventh International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER). 1--8.
[26]
M Manbachi, A Sadu, H Farhangi, A Monti, A Palizban, F Ponci, and S Arzanpour. 2016. Impact of EV penetration on Volt--VAR Optimization of distribution networks using real-time co-simulation monitoring platform. Applied Energy 169 (2016), 28--39.
[27]
Open Charge Alliance. 2017. OCPP 2.0. OCPP Specification (2017).
[28]
S. Paudyal, C. A. CaÃśizares, and K. Bhattacharya. 2011. Three-phase distribution OPF in smart grids: Optimality versus computational burden. In 2011 2nd IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies. 1--7.
[29]
J. Rivera, C. Goebel, and H. Jacobsen. 2015. A Distributed Anytime Algorithm for Real-Time EV Charging Congestion Control. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Sixth International Conference on Future Energy Systems - e-Energy '15. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, 67--76.
[30]
S. Sharma, P. Jain, R. Bhakar, and P. P. Gupta. 2018. Time of Use Price based Vehicle to Grid Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Aggregator for Improved Market Operations. In 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia). 1114--1119.
[31]
M. Simonov. 2013. Event-driven communication in smart grid. IEEE Communications Letters 17, 6 (jun 2013), 1061--1064.
[32]
D Stahleder, D Reihs, M Nöhrer, and F Lehfuss. 2018. Lablink-a novel cosimulation tool for the evaluation of large scale ev penetration focusing on local energy communities. In to be presented in CIRED Workshop 2018.
[33]
A. Stray, O. Clarke, D. Harvey, and O. Clarke. 2018. Electric vehicles and the digital revolution: an evolving legal landscape. https://www.intelligenttransport.com/transport-articles/69187/evs-digital-revolution-legal/ Accessed on 17th of Jan. 2019.
[34]
J. Taft and P. De Martini. 2013. Ultra-large scale control architecture. In 2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT). 1--6.
[35]
Tjarko Tjaden, Bergner Joseph, and Volker Quaschning. 2015. Repräsentative elektrische Lastprofile für Wohngebäude in Deutschland auf 1-sekündiger Datenbasis. HTW Berlin November (2015), 8.
[36]
E. Ucer, M. C. Kisacikoglu, M. Yuksel, and A. C. Gurbuz. 2019. An Internet-Inspired Proportional Fair EV Charging Control Method. IEEE Systems Journal (2019), 1--11.

Cited By

View all

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences
e-Energy '19: Proceedings of the Tenth ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems
June 2019
589 pages
ISBN:9781450366717
DOI:10.1145/3307772
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 15 June 2019

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. Assets Overloading
  2. Charging Station
  3. Distributed Smart Charging
  4. Electric Vehicle
  5. Power Quality
  6. Traffic Light Model
  7. Transmission Control Protocol
  8. Voltage Control

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed limited

Funding Sources

  • Horizon 2020

Conference

e-Energy '19
Sponsor:

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 160 of 446 submissions, 36%

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)12
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1
Reflects downloads up to 02 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Solar Charging Station for Electric VehiclesInnovations in Electrical and Electronic Engineering10.1007/978-981-99-8289-9_21(287-292)Online publication date: 28-Jan-2024
  • (2022)An analysis of privacy preservation in electric vehicle chargingEnergy Informatics10.1186/s42162-022-00190-y5:1Online publication date: 28-Apr-2022
  • (2021)Quality of service and fairness for electric vehicle charging as a serviceEnergy Informatics10.1186/s42162-021-00175-34:S3Online publication date: 13-Sep-2021
  • (2021)Adaptive Congestion Control for Electric Vehicle Charging in the Smart GridIEEE Transactions on Smart Grid10.1109/TSG.2021.305103212:3(2439-2449)Online publication date: May-2021
  • (2021)Key performance‐cost tradeoffs in smart electric vehicle charging with distributed generationIET Smart Grid10.1049/stg2.120414:6(561-581)Online publication date: 24-May-2021
  • (2020)Adaptive Control of Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging with Reinforcement LearningProceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems10.1145/3396851.3397706(116-120)Online publication date: 12-Jun-2020
  • (2020)Reputation-Based Fair Power Allocation to Plug-in Electric Vehicles in the Smart Grid2020 ACM/IEEE 11th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)10.1109/ICCPS48487.2020.00014(63-74)Online publication date: Apr-2020

View Options

Login options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media