research-article

How do Leaders Perceive Stress and Followership from Nonverbal Behaviors Displayed by Virtual Followers?

Authors:

Guillaume Demary,

Jean-Claude Martin,

Stéphane Dubourdieu,

Stéphane Travers,

Virginie DemulierAuthors Info & Claims

IVA '19: Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents

Pages 56 - 61

https://doi.org/10.1145/3308532.3329468

Published: 01 July 2019 Publication History

Abstract

Managing a medical team in emergency situations requires not only technical but also non-technical skills. Leaders must train to manage different types of subordinates, and how these subordinates will respond to orders and stressful events. Before designing virtual training environments for these leaders, it is necessary to understand how leaders perceive the nonverbal behaviors of virtual characters playing the role of subordinates. In this article, we describe a study we conducted to explore how leaders categorize virtual subordinates from the non-verbal expressions they display (i.e., facial expressions, torso orientation, gaze direction). We analyze how these multimodal behaviors impact the perception of follower style (proactive vs. passive, insubordination), interpersonal attitudes (dominance vs. submission) and stress. Our results suggest that leaders categorize virtual subordinates via nonverbal behaviors that are also perceived as signs of stress and interpersonal attitudes.

References

[1]

L. M. Sutherland, P. F. Middleton, A. Anthony, J. Hamdorf, P. Cregan, D. Scott, and G. J. Maddern, ?Surgical simulation: a systematic review," Annals of surgery, vol. 243, no. 3, pp. 291--300, 2006.

[2]

K. S. Gurusamy, R. Aggarwal, L. Palanivelu, and B. R. Davidson, "Virtual reality training for surgical trainees in laparoscopic surgery," The Cochrane Library, 2009.

[3]

A. S. Rizzo, J. G. Buckwalter, E. Forbell, C. Reist, J. Difede, B. O. Rothbaum, B. Lange, S. Koenig, T. Talbot et al., "Virtual reality applications to address the wounds of war," Psychiatric Annals, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 123--138, 2013.

[4]

R. Flin and N. Maran, "Identifying and training non-technical skills for teams in acute medicine," Quality and Safety in Health care, vol. 13, no. suppl 1, pp. i80--i84, 2004.

[5]

R. S. Lazarus and S. Folkman, "Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping," European Journal of personality, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 141--169, 1987.

[6]

N. M. Junker and R. van Dick, "Implicit theories in organizational settings: A systematic review and research agenda of implicit leadership and followership theories," The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1154--1173, 2014.

[7]

N. Bee, S. Franke, and E. Andreé, "Relations between facial display, eye gaze and head tilt: Dominance perception variations of virtual agents," in Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and Workshops, 2009. ACII 2009. 3rd International Conference on. IEEE, 2009, pp. 1--7.

[8]

C. Straßmann, A. R. von der P¨utten, R. Yaghoubzadeh, R. Kaminski, and N. Kr¨amer, "The effect of an intelligent virtual agents nonverbal behavior with regard to dominance and cooperativity," in International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. Springer, 2016, pp. 15--28.

[9]

P. Gebhard, T. Baur, I. Damian, G. Mehlmann, J. Wagner, and E. André, "Exploring interaction strategies for virtual characters to induce stress in simulated job interviews," in Proceedings of the 2014 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 2014, pp. 661--668.

Digital Library

[10]

N. Bee, C. Pollock, E. André, and M. Walker, "Bossy or wimpy: expressing social dominance by combining gaze and linguistic behaviors," in International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. Springer, 2010, pp. 265--271.

Digital Library

[11]

N. O. Rule, R. B. Adams, N. Ambady, and J. B. Freeman, "Perceptions of dominance following glimpses of faces and bodies," Perception, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 687--706, 2012.

[12]

B. Lance and S. C. Marsella, "The relation between gaze behavior and the attribution of emotion: An empirical study," in International Workshop on Intelligent Virtual Agents. Springer, 2008, pp. 1--14.

Digital Library

[13]

A. Egges, T. Molet, and N. Magnenat-Thalmann, "Personalised realtime idle motion synthesis," in Computer Graphics and Applications, 2004. PG 2004. Proceedings. 12th Pacific Conference on. IEEE, 2004, pp. 121--130.

Digital Library

[14]

O. Epitropaki, T. Sy, R. Martin, S. Tram-Quon, and A. Topakas, "Implicit leadership and followership theories in the wild: Taking stock of information-processing approaches to leadership and followership in organizational settings," The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 858--881, 2013.

[15]

M. K. Carsten, M. Uhl-Bien, B. J. West, J. L. Patera, and R. Mc-Gregor, "Exploring social constructions of followership: A qualitative study," The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 543--562, 2010.

[16]

T. Sy, "What do you think of followers" examining the content, structure, and consequences of implicit followership theories," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 113, no. 2, pp. 73--84, 2010.

[17]

C. Anderson, S. Brion, D. A. Moore, and J. A. Kennedy, "A status enhancement account of overconfidence." J. of personality and social psychology, vol. 103, no. 4, p. 718, 2012.

[18]

S. Trichas and B. Schyns, "The face of leadership: Perceiving leaders from facial expression," The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 545--566, 2012.

[19]

L. Marschner, S. Pannasch, J. Schulz, and S.-T. Graupner, "Social communication with virtual agents: The effects of body and gaze direction on attention and emotional responding in human observers," International Journal of Psychophysiology, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 85--92, 2015.

[20]

P. Ekman and E. L. Rosenberg, What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Oxford University Press, USA, 1997.

[21]

M. Courgeon, J.-C. Martin, and C. Jacquemin, "Marc: a multimodal affective and reactive character," in Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on AFFective Interaction in Natural Environments, 2008, p. 20.

[22]

R. J. Vallerand, "Vers une méthodologie de validation trans-culturelle de questionnaires psychologiques" Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 662, 1989.

[23]

S. T. Hannah, M. Uhl-Bien, B. J. Avolio, and F. L. Cavarretta, "A framework for examining leadership in extreme contexts," The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 897--919, 2009.

[24]

J.S. Abelson, E. Silverman, J. Banfelder, A. Naides, R. Costa, and G. Dakin. "Virtual operating room for team training in surgery". Am. J. Surg., vol. 210, no 3, pp. 585--90, 2015.

[25]

U. Hess. "Nonverbal Communication". In: Howard S. Friedman (Editor in Chief), Encyclopedia of Mental Health, 2nd edition, Vol 3, Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 2016, pp. 208--218.

[26]

Y. Wang, G. Lucas, P. Khooshabeh, C. de Melo and J. Gratch, "Effects of emotional expressions on persuasion", Social Influence, Volume 10, Issue 4, pp. 236--249, 2015.

[27]

G. Lucas, and P. Khooshabeh, " Virtual Human Role Players for Studying Social Factors in Organizational Decision Making", Front. Psychol., 01 March 2018.

Cited By

Etienne ERistorcelli MSaufnay SQuilez ACasanova RSchyns MOchs M(2024)A Systematic Review on the Socio-affective Perception of IVAs' Multi-modal behaviourProceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents10.1145/3652988.3673943(1-10)Online publication date: 16-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3652988.3673943
Biancardi BGiaccaglia IVarni GRavenet B(2021)Des leaders d’équipes virtuels pour encourager le développement du système de mémoire transactiveAdjunct Proceedings of the 32nd Conference on l'Interaction Homme-Machine10.1145/3451148.3458639(1-7)Online publication date: 13-Apr-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3451148.3458639
Biancardi BO'Toole PGiaccaglia IRavenet BPitt IMancini MVarni G(2021)How ECA vs Human Leaders Affect the Perception of Transactive Memory System (TMS) in a Team2021 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII)10.1109/ACII52823.2021.9597454(1-8)Online publication date: 28-Sep-2021
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII52823.2021.9597454

Index Terms

How do Leaders Perceive Stress and Followership from Nonverbal Behaviors Displayed by Virtual Followers?
1. Software and its engineering
  1. Software organization and properties
    1. Contextual software domains
      1. Virtual worlds software
        Virtual worlds training simulations

Recommendations

Modeling nonverbal behaviors for virtual agents
Perceiving attitudes expressed through nonverbal behaviors in immersive virtual environments
MIG '16: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Motion in Games

Virtual Reality and immersive experiences, which allow players to share the same virtual environment as the characters of a virtual world, have gained more and more interest recently. In order to conceive these immersive virtual worlds, one of the ...
Virtual memory palaces: immersion aids recall
Abstract
Virtual reality displays, such as head-mounted displays (HMD), afford us a superior spatial awareness by leveraging our vestibular and proprioceptive senses, as compared to traditional desktop displays. Since classical times, people have used ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

IVA '19: Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents

July 2019

282 pages

ISBN:9781450366724

DOI:10.1145/3308532

General Chairs:
Catherine Pelachaud
CNRS-ISIR, Sorbonne Universite, France
,
Jean-Claude Martin
CNRS-LIMSI, Universite Paris Saclay, France
,
Program Chairs:
Hendrik Buschmeier
Bielefeld University, Germany
,
Gale Lucas
University of Southern California, USA
,
Stefan Kopp
Bielefeld University, Germany

Copyright © 2019 ACM.

© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery. ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor or affiliate of a national government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only.

Sponsors

SIGAI: ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 01 July 2019

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

ANR

Conference

IVA '19

Sponsor:

SIGAI

IVA '19: ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents

July 2 - 5, 2019

Paris, France

Acceptance Rates

IVA '19 Paper Acceptance Rate 15 of 63 submissions, 24%;

Overall Acceptance Rate 53 of 196 submissions, 27%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

3
Total Citations
View Citations
164
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)8
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0

Reflects downloads up to 03 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Etienne ERistorcelli MSaufnay SQuilez ACasanova RSchyns MOchs M(2024)A Systematic Review on the Socio-affective Perception of IVAs' Multi-modal behaviourProceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents10.1145/3652988.3673943(1-10)Online publication date: 16-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3652988.3673943
Biancardi BGiaccaglia IVarni GRavenet B(2021)Des leaders d’équipes virtuels pour encourager le développement du système de mémoire transactiveAdjunct Proceedings of the 32nd Conference on l'Interaction Homme-Machine10.1145/3451148.3458639(1-7)Online publication date: 13-Apr-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3451148.3458639
Biancardi BO'Toole PGiaccaglia IRavenet BPitt IMancini MVarni G(2021)How ECA vs Human Leaders Affect the Perception of Transactive Memory System (TMS) in a Team2021 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII)10.1109/ACII52823.2021.9597454(1-8)Online publication date: 28-Sep-2021
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII52823.2021.9597454

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Table of Conten