skip to main content
10.1145/3316781.3317752acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesdacConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

A Wear-Leveling-Aware Fine-Grained Allocator for Non-Volatile Memory

Published: 02 June 2019 Publication History

Abstract

Emerging non-volatile memories (NVMs) are promising main memory for their advanced characteristics. However, the low endurance of NVM cells makes them vulnerable to frequent fine-grained updates. This paper proposes a Wear-leveling Aware Fine-grained Allocator (WAFA) for NVM. WAFA divides pages into basic memory units to support fine-grained updates. WAFA allocates the basic memory units of a page in a rotational manner to distribute fine-grained updates evenly on memory cells. The fragmented basic memory units of each page caused by the memory allocation and deallocation operations are reorganized by reform operation. We implement WAFA in Linux kernel 4.4.4. Experimental results show that WAFA can reduce 81.1% and 40.1% of the total writes of pages over NVMalloc and nvm_alloc, the state-of-the-art wear-conscious allocator for NVM. Meanwhile, WAFA shows 48.6% and 42.3% performance improvement over NVMalloc and nvm_alloc, respectively.

References

[1]
I. Corporation, https://newsroom.intel.com/news-releases/intel-and-micron-produce-breakthrough-memory-technology/, 2015.
[2]
P. Zhou, B. Zhao, J. Yang, and Y. Zhang, "A durable and energy efficient main memory using phase change memory technology," in ISCA, 2009.
[3]
F. Huang, D. Feng, Y. Hua, and W. Zhou, "A wear-leveling-aware counter mode for data encryption in non-volatile memories," in DATE, 2017.
[4]
P. Zuo, Y. Hua, M. Zhao, W. Zhou, and Y. Guo, "Improving the performance and endurance of encrypted non-volatile main memory through deduplicating writes," in MICRO, 2018.
[5]
J. Hu, Z. Zhuge, J. C. Xue, W.-C. Tseng, and E. Sha, "Software enabled wear-leveling for hybrid pcm main memory on embedded systems," in DATE, 2013.
[6]
Q. Li, Y. He, Y. Chen, J. C. Xue, N. Jiang, and C. Xu, "A wear-leveling-aware dynamic stack for pcm memory in embedded systems," in DATE, 2014.
[7]
W. Li, Z. Shuai, J. C. Xue, M. Yuan, and Q. Li, "A wear leveling aware memory allocator for both stack and heap management in pcm-based main memory systems," in DATE, 2018.
[8]
Y.-H. Kuan, Y.-H. Chang, T.-Y. Chen, P.-C. Huang, and K.-Y. Lam, "Space-efficient index scheme for pcm-based multiversion databases in cyber-physical systems," ACM TECS., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 21:1--21:26, 2016.
[9]
H. A. Khouzani, C. Yang, and F. S. Hosseini, "Segment and conflict aware page allocation and migration in dram-pcm hybrid main memory," IEEE TCAD, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1458 -- 1470, 2016.
[10]
K. Bhandari, D. R. Chakrabarti, and H.-J. Boehm, "Makalu: Fast recoverable allocation of non-volatile memory," in ACM OOPSLA, 2016.
[11]
I. Moraru, D. G. Andersen, M. Kaminsky, N. Tolia, P. Ranganathan, and N. Binkert, "Consistent, durable, and safe memory management for byte-addressable non volatile main memory," in ACM TRIOS, 2013, pp. 1:1--1:17.
[12]
"Memcached: A distributed memory object caching system," http://www.memcached.org/, 2018.
[13]
B. F. Cooper, A. Silberstein, E. Tam, R. Ramakrishnan, and R. Sears, "Benchmarking cloud serving systems with ycsb," in SoCC, 2010.
[14]
D. Schwalb, T. Berning, M. Faust, M. Dreseler, and H. Plattner, "nvm_alloc: Memory allocation for nvram," in AWMD, ser. in conjunction with VLDB, 2015.
[15]
"Umass trace repository. smart* data set for sustainability," http://traces.cs.umass.edu/index.php/Smart/Smart, 2017.
[16]
J. Evans, "A scalable concurrent malloc(3) implementation for freebsd," http://www.bsdcan.org/2006/papers/jemalloc.pdf, 2006.
[17]
E. D. Berger, K. S. McKinley, R. D. Blumofe, and P. R. Wilson, "Hoard: A scalable memory allocator for multithreaded applications," in ASPLOS IX, 2000.
[18]
S. Yu, N. Xiao, M. Deng, F. Liu, and W. Chen, "Redesign the memory allocator for non-volatile main memory," ACM J. E-merg. Technol. Comput. Syst., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 49:1--49:26, Apr. 2017.

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)WIB-SAR: Write Intensity Based Selective Address Remapping2023 36th International Conference on VLSI Design and 2023 22nd International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID)10.1109/VLSID57277.2023.00022(1-6)Online publication date: Jan-2023
  • (2023)Effective Stack Wear Leveling for NVMIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2023.324087342:10(3250-3263)Online publication date: Oct-2023
  • (2023)V-WAFA: An Endurance Variation Aware Fine-Grained Allocator for Persistent MemoryIEEE Transactions on Computers10.1109/TC.2022.319708672:4(998-1010)Online publication date: 1-Apr-2023
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences
DAC '19: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Design Automation Conference 2019
June 2019
1378 pages
ISBN:9781450367257
DOI:10.1145/3316781
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

In-Cooperation

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 02 June 2019

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed limited

Funding Sources

Conference

DAC '19
Sponsor:

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 1,770 of 5,499 submissions, 32%

Upcoming Conference

DAC '25
62nd ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
June 22 - 26, 2025
San Francisco , CA , USA

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)15
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1
Reflects downloads up to 16 Feb 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)WIB-SAR: Write Intensity Based Selective Address Remapping2023 36th International Conference on VLSI Design and 2023 22nd International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID)10.1109/VLSID57277.2023.00022(1-6)Online publication date: Jan-2023
  • (2023)Effective Stack Wear Leveling for NVMIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2023.324087342:10(3250-3263)Online publication date: Oct-2023
  • (2023)V-WAFA: An Endurance Variation Aware Fine-Grained Allocator for Persistent MemoryIEEE Transactions on Computers10.1109/TC.2022.319708672:4(998-1010)Online publication date: 1-Apr-2023
  • (2023)Rapid NVM Simulation and Analysis on Single Bit Granularity Featuring Gem5 and NVMain2023 IEEE 12th Non-Volatile Memory Systems and Applications Symposium (NVMSA)10.1109/NVMSA58981.2023.00012(50-55)Online publication date: Aug-2023
  • (2023)GWallocMicroprocessors & Microsystems10.1016/j.micpro.2023.104971103:COnline publication date: 1-Nov-2023
  • (2022)Lamina: Low Overhead Wear Leveling for NVM with Bounded TailProceedings of the 27th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference10.1109/ASP-DAC52403.2022.9712599(377-382)Online publication date: 17-Jan-2022
  • (2022)WDBTJournal of Systems and Software10.1016/j.jss.2022.111247187:COnline publication date: 1-May-2022
  • (2021)WDBT: Wear Characterization, Reduction, and Leveling of DBT Systems for Non-Volatile MemoryProceedings of the International Symposium on Memory Systems10.1145/3488423.3519337(1-13)Online publication date: 27-Sep-2021
  • (2021)Tnvmalloc: A Thread-Level-Based Wear-Aware Allocator for Nonvolatile Main MemoryJournal of Circuits, Systems and Computers10.1142/S021812662250066931:04Online publication date: 2-Oct-2021
  • (2021) Lewat: A L ightweight, E fficient, and W ear- A ware T ransactional Persistent Memory System IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems10.1109/TPDS.2020.302838532:3(649-664)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021

View Options

Login options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media