ABSTRACT
Augmented Reality (AR) as an assistive technology is a promising tool for novice operators to learn assembly processes. This experiment compared an AR instruction method to display based electronic working instructions (EWI) for product assembly, to assess learning during the first repetitions of the products. In addition, two types of work instructions were used, i.e., standard and chunk instructions. In this experiment a chunk instruction consists of six assembly steps. Effects of the instruction method and type on the learning phase were evaluated with 24 novice operators building two products i.e.. Operators were then asked to build the same products without instructions in order to assess learned skills and establish effects on the recall phase, also as a result of instruction method and type. Task completion time (TCT), product quality, operator workload and learning curve were measured. The learning curve, as indicated by the TCT, took place during the first three repetitions of product assembly. Instruction method and instruction type had no effect on the learning curve. Product quality was high and no differences were found between learning conditions. Operator workload revealed that chunking of the instruction increased workload during the learning phase. During the recall phase, the AR group's TCT increased 19.2%, but only for the first product's repetition without instruction. Product quality remained the same during the recall phase, however operator workload was reduced for chunk learned products. This study indicates that chunking of instructions should be avoided for novice workers. Both EWI and AR can be used for teaching new assembly procedures. While AR and EWI are useful during the learning phase, there are indications that these methods might hinder the operator once they required the necessary skills and knowledge to assemble the product. A possible solution is making instructions more adaptive to fit the skill proficiency of the operator.
- Aberdeen Group (2014). Bridging the Gap Between Product Development and Operations. http://www.aberdeen.com/research/9340/rr-manufacturingproduct-development-/content.aspx#sthash.K8rq0kXI.dpfGoogle Scholar
- Engelke, T., Keil, J., Rojtberg, P., Wientapper, F., Schmitt, M., & Bockholt, U. (2015, March). Content first: a concept for industrial augmented reality maintenance applications using mobile devices. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference (pp. 105--111). ACM. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Funk, M., Mayer, S., & Schmidt, A. (2015). Using in-situ projection to support cognitively impaired workers at the workplace. In Proceedings of the 17th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers & accessibility: 185--192 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Büttner, S., Funk, M., Sand, O. and Röcker, C. (2016). Using head-mounted displays and in-situ projection for assistive systems - a comparison. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM international conference on pervasive technologies related to assistive environments, New York, NY, USA, 2016. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bosch, T., Konemann, R., de Cock, H., van Rhijn, G. (2017). The effects of projected versus display instructions on productivity, quality and workload in a simulated assembly task. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA'17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 412--415. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wright, T.P. (1936). Factors affecting the cost of airplanes, J. Aeronaut. Sci., 3(4): 122--128Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jaber, M.Y. (2011) Learning Curves Theory, Models, and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press, Boca Raton ISBN: 978-1-4398-0740-8Google Scholar
- Tulving, E., & Craik, F. I. M. (2000). The Oxford handbook of memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Miller, G.A. (1956), The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information. Psychological Review, 63, 81--97.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Werrlich, S., Eichstetter, E., Nitsche, K. & Notni, G. (2017) An Overview of Evaluations Using Augmented Reality for Assembly Training Tasks. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Computer and Information Engineering Vol:11, No:10Google Scholar
- Hart, S.G. & Staveland, L.E.. 1988. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. Advances in psychology 52 (1988), 139--183.Google Scholar
- Lamberti, F., Manuri, F., Sanna, A., Paravati, G., Pezzolla,P., & Montuschi, P. (2014). Challenges, opportunities, and future trends of emerging techniques for augmented reality based maintenance. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, 2(4), 411-421.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Funk, M., Bächler, A., Bächler, L. & Kosch, T., Heidenreich, T. & Schmidt, A. (2017). Working with Augmented Reality?: A Long-Term Analysis of In-Situ Instructions at the Assembly Workplace. 222-229. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Vandenberg, S. & Kuse, A.R. (1978). Mental Rotations, a Group Test of Three-Dimensional Spatial Visualization. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 47 (2): 599--604. PMID 724398.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Evaluating learning approaches for product assembly: using chunking of instructions, spatial augmented reality and display based work instructions
Recommendations
Integrated product design and assembly planning in an augmented reality environment
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology that integrates design and assembly planning in an augmented reality AR environment. Intuitive bare-hand interactions BHIs and a combination of virtual and real objects are used to perform ...
Evaluating the effectiveness of augmented reality displays for a manual assembly task
The focus of this research was to examine how effectively augmented reality displays, generated with a wearable computer, could be used for aiding an operator performing a manual assembly task. Fifteen subjects were asked to assemble a computer ...
Key Technique of Assembly System in an Augmented Reality Environment
ICCMS '10: Proceedings of the 2010 Second International Conference on Computer Modeling and Simulation - Volume 01Assembly technology aims to develop fast, reliable and low cost method to improve product design in the manufacturing industry. Augmented Reality (AR) is a promising technology which can enhance the sense of reality by combining virtual objects with ...
Comments