skip to main content
research-article

Human-Interaction-aware Adaptive Functional Safety Processing for Multi-Functional Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

Published: 09 August 2019 Publication History

Abstract

The functional safety research for automotive cyber-physical systems (ACPS) has been studied in recent years; however, these studies merely consider the change in the exposure of the functional safety classification and assume that the driver’s controllability in the functional safety classification is always fixed and uncontrollable. In fact, the driver’s controllability is variable during the runtime phase, such that the execution process of safety-critical automotive functions is a human-interaction-aware process between the driver and ACPS. To adapt to the changes in the driver’s controllability, this article studies the human-interaction-aware adaptive functional safety processing for multi-functional ACPS in two main phases. In the design phase, where the driver’s controllability is fixed at the highest level (i.e., C3), we obtain the approximate optimal priority sequence of safety-critical functions without exhausting all sequences by proposing the refined exploration method. In the runtime phase, where the driver’s controllability level is variable (i.e., C0, C1, C2, or C3), we propose the human-interaction-aware task remapping method to autonomously respond to the change of the driver’s controllability. Examples and experiments confirm that the proposed adaptive functional safety processing can reduce overall task redundancy of safety-critical automotive functions while meeting their functional safety requirements, shorten the overall response time of safety-critical automotive functions, and increase the slack time for non-safety-critical automotive functions.

References

[1]
ISO 26262: Road vehicles-functional safety (Dec. 2018). Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/68383.html.
[2]
ISO 26262: Road vehicles-functional safety (Nov. 2011). Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/43464.html.
[3]
Theodore P. Baker. 2005. An analysis of EDF schedulability on a multiprocessor. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 16, 8 (2005), 760--768.
[4]
Guillem Bernat, Antoine Colin, and Stefan M. Petters. 2002. WCET analysis of probabilistic hard real-time systems. In Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium. IEEE, 279--288.
[5]
Martin Burns, Joe Manganelli, David Wollman, Ronald Laurids Boring, Stephen Gilbert, Edward Griffor, Yi-Ching Lee, Dan Nathan-Roberts, and Tonya Smith-Jackson. 2018. Elaborating the human aspect of the NIST framework for cyber-physical systems. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 62. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, CA, 450--454.
[6]
Wanli Chang, Samarjit Chakraborty, et al. 2016. Resource-aware automotive control systems design: A cyber-physical systems approach. Found. Trends Electr. Des. Automat. 10, 4 (Dec. 2016), 249--369.
[7]
Wanli Chang, Dip Goswami, Samarjit Chakraborty, and Arne Hamann. Jul. 2018. OS-aware automotive controller design using non-uniform sampling. ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst. 2, 4 (Jul. 2018), 26.
[8]
Simon Fürst and AUTOSAR Spokesperson. 2015. Autosar the next generation--the adaptive platform. In CARS@ EDCC2015 (2015).
[9]
Simon Fürst and AUTOSAR Spokesperson. 2016. AUTOSAR adaptive platform for connected and autonomous vehicles. In Proceedings of the 8th Vector Congress Conference.
[10]
ggtce. 2015. Task graph generator. Retrieved from https://sourceforge.net/projects/taskgraphgen/.
[11]
Debkalpa Goswami, Reinhard Schneider, Alejandro Masrur, Martin Lukasiewycz, Shiladri Chakraborty, Harald Voit, and Anuradha Annaswamy. 2012. Challenges in automotive cyber-physical systems design. In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems (SAMOS’12). IEEE, 346--354.
[12]
Chris Hobbs and Patrick Lee. Jul. 2013. Understanding ISO 26262 ASILs. Retrieved from https://www.electronicdesign.com/embedded/understanding-iso-26262-asils.
[13]
Masao Ito. 2015. Controllability in ISO 26262 and driver model. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Software Process Improvement. Springer, 313--321.
[14]
Maki Kawakoshi, Takashi Kobayashi, and Makoto Hasegawa. 2015. ISO 26262: Controllability Evaluation Technique by Expert Riders. Technical Report. SAE Technical Paper.
[15]
Pratyush Kumar, Dip Goswami, Samarjit Chakraborty, Anuradha Annaswamy, Kai Lampka, and Lothar Thiele. 2012. A hybrid approach to cyber-physical systems verification. In Proceedings of the 2012 49th ACM/EDAC/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC’12). 688--696.
[16]
Andrew L. Kun et al. 2018. Human-machine interaction for vehicles: Review and outlook. Found. Trends Hum.--Comput. Interact. 11, 4 (2018), 201--293.
[17]
Yue Ma, Junlong Zhou, Thidapat Chantem, Robert P. Dick, Shige Wang, and X. Sharon Hu. 2018. On-line resource management for improving reliability of real-time systems on big--little type MPSoCs. IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aid. Des. Integr. Circ. Syst. (2018).
[18]
Arslan Munir. Apr. 2017. Safety assessment and design of dependable cybercars: For today and the future.IEEE Consum. Electr. Mag. 6, 2 (Apr. 2017), 69--77.
[19]
M. Di Natale and A. L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli. Mar. 2010. Moving from federated to integrated architectures in automotive: The role of standards, methods and tools. Proc. IEEE 98, 4 (Mar. 2010), 603--620.
[20]
Jonas Nilsson, Anders C. E. Ödblom, and Jonas Fredriksson. 2016. Worst-case analysis of automotive collision avoidance systems. IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol. 65, 4 (2016), 1899--1911.
[21]
Roman Obermaisser, Christian El Salloum, Bernhard Huber, and Hermann Kopetz. Jul. 2009. From a federated to an integrated automotive architecture. IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aid. Des. Integr. Circ. Syst. 28, 7 (Jul. 2009), 956--965.
[22]
Ingrid Pettersson and Wendy Ju. 2017. Design techniques for exploring automotive interaction in the drive towards automation. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, 147--160.
[23]
Bobbie D. Seppelt and Trent W. Victor. 2016. Potential solutions to human factors challenges in road vehicle automation. In Road Vehicle Automation 3. Springer, 131--148.
[24]
Georgios L. Stavrinides and Helen D. Karatza. 2012. Scheduling real-time DAGs in heterogeneous clusters by combining imprecise computations and bin packing techniques for the exploitation of schedule holes. Fut. Gener. Comput. Syste. 28, 7 (2012), 977--988.
[25]
Haluk Topcuoglu, Salim Hariri, and Min-you Wu. Mar. 2002. Performance-effective and low-complexity task scheduling for heterogeneous computing. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 13, 3 (Mar. 2002), 260--274.
[26]
Guy H. Walker and Neville A. Stanton. 2017. Human Factors in Automotive Engineering and Technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
[27]
Tongquan Wei, Junlong Zhou, Kun Cao, Peijin Cong, Mingsong Chen, Gongxuan Zhang, Xiaobo Sharon Hu, and Jianming Yan. 2018. Cost-constrained QoS optimization for approximate computation real-time tasks in heterogeneous MPSoCs. IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aid. Des. Integr. Circ. Syst. 37, 9 (2018), 1733--1746.
[28]
Tingming Wu, Haifeng Gu, Junlong Zhou, Tongquan Wei, Xiao Liu, and Mingsong Chen. 2018. Soft error-aware energy-efficient task scheduling for workflow applications in DVFS-enabled cloud. J. Syst. Arch. 84 (2018), 12--27.
[29]
Guoqi Xie, Yuekun Chen, Yan Liu, Yehua Wei, Renfa Li, and Keqin Li. 2017. Resource consumption cost minimization of reliable parallel applications on heterogeneous embedded systems. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 13, 4 (Aug. 2017), 1629--1640.
[30]
Guoqi Xie, Zhetao Li, Na Yuan, Renfa Li, and Keqin Li. 2018. Toward effective reliability requirement assurance for automotive functional safety. ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electr. Syst. 23, 5 (Aug. 2018), 65.
[31]
Guoqi Xie, Hao Peng, Zhetao Li, Jinlin Song, Yong Xie, Renfa Li, and Keqin Li. 2018. Reliability enhancement towards functional safety goal assurance in energy-aware automotive cyber-physical systems. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 14, 12 (Dec. 2018), 5447--5462.
[32]
Guoqi Xie, Gang Zeng, Jiyao An, Renfa Li, and Keqin Li. 2018. Resource cost-aware fault-tolerant design methodology for end-to-end functional safety computation on automotive cyber-physical systems. ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst. 3, 1 (Aug. 2018), 4.
[33]
Guoqi Xie, Gang Zeng, Junqiang Jiang, Chunnian Fan, Renfa Li, and Keqin Li. 2017. Energy management for multiple real-time workflows on cyber--physical cloud systems. Fut. Gener. Comput. Syst. (May 2017).
[34]
Guoqi Xie, Gang Zeng, Zhetao Li, Renfa Li, and Keqin Li. 2017. Adaptive dynamic scheduling on multi-functional mixed-criticality automotive cyber-physical systems. IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol. 66, 8 (Aug. 2017), 6676--6692.
[35]
Guoqi Xie, Gang Zeng, Yan Liu, Jia Zhou, Renfa Li, and Keqin Li. 2018. Fast functional safety verification for distributed automotive applications during early design phase. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 65, 5 (May 2018), 4378--4391.
[36]
Junlong Zhou, Jin Sun, Xiumin Zhou, Tongquan Wei, Mingsong Chen, Shiyan Hu, and Xiaobo Sharon Hu. 2018. Resource management for improving soft-error and lifetime reliability of real-time MPSoCs. IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aid. Des. Integr. Circ. Syst. (2018).
[37]
Junlong Zhou and Tongquan Wei. 2015. Stochastic thermal-aware real-time task scheduling with considerations of soft errors. J. Syst. Softw. 102 (2015), 123--133.
[38]
Junlong Zhou, Jianming Yan, Tongquan Wei, Mingsong Chen, and Xiaobo Sharon Hu. 2017. Energy-adaptive scheduling of imprecise computation tasks for QoS optimization in real-time MPSoC systems. In Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe. European Design and Automation Association, 1406--1411.
[39]
Xiumin Zhou, Gongxuan Zhang, Jin Sun, Junlong Zhou, Tongquan Wei, and Shiyan Hu. 2019. Minimizing cost and makespan for workflow scheduling in cloud using fuzzy dominance sort based HEFT. Fut. Gener. Comput. Syst. 93 (2019), 278--289.

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)Cyber-Physical Systems Design in An Uncertain Environment with Time Uncertainty Concern2023 IEEE 29th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)10.1109/ICPADS60453.2023.00275(2015-2024)Online publication date: 17-Dec-2023
  • (2021)Specify and Model Automotive Cyber Physical Systems Using Hybrid Relation Calculus2021 26th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC)10.23919/ICAC50006.2021.9594067(1-6)Online publication date: 2-Sep-2021

Index Terms

  1. Human-Interaction-aware Adaptive Functional Safety Processing for Multi-Functional Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems
    ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems  Volume 3, Issue 4
    Special Issue on Human-Interaction-Aware Data Analytics for CPS
    October 2019
    171 pages
    ISSN:2378-962X
    EISSN:2378-9638
    DOI:10.1145/3356399
    • Editor:
    • Tei-Wei Kuo
    Issue’s Table of Contents
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Journal Family

    Publication History

    Published: 09 August 2019
    Accepted: 01 May 2019
    Revised: 01 May 2019
    Received: 01 December 2018
    Published in TCPS Volume 3, Issue 4

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. Automotive cyber-physical systems (ACPS)
    2. functional safety
    3. human-interaction-aware

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article
    • Research
    • Refereed

    Funding Sources

    • Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province
    • Northeastern University, China
    • National Natural Science Foundation of China
    • National Technical Committee of Auto Standardization Research Foundation of China
    • Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Hunan University, China
    • Open Research Project of the State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries (SAPI)

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)23
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1
    Reflects downloads up to 30 Jan 2025

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2023)Cyber-Physical Systems Design in An Uncertain Environment with Time Uncertainty Concern2023 IEEE 29th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)10.1109/ICPADS60453.2023.00275(2015-2024)Online publication date: 17-Dec-2023
    • (2021)Specify and Model Automotive Cyber Physical Systems Using Hybrid Relation Calculus2021 26th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC)10.23919/ICAC50006.2021.9594067(1-6)Online publication date: 2-Sep-2021

    View Options

    Login options

    Full Access

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    HTML Format

    View this article in HTML Format.

    HTML Format

    Figures

    Tables

    Media

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media