research-article

Information Leakage in Encrypted Deduplication via Frequency Analysis: Attacks and Defenses

Authors:

Patrick P. C. Lee,

Xiaosong ZhangAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS), Volume 16, Issue 1

Article No.: 4, Pages 1 - 30

https://doi.org/10.1145/3365840

Published: 29 March 2020 Publication History

Abstract

Encrypted deduplication combines encryption and deduplication to simultaneously achieve both data security and storage efficiency. State-of-the-art encrypted deduplication systems mainly build on deterministic encryption to preserve deduplication effectiveness. However, such deterministic encryption reveals the underlying frequency distribution of the original plaintext chunks. This allows an adversary to launch frequency analysis against the ciphertext chunks and infer the content of the original plaintext chunks. In this article, we study how frequency analysis affects information leakage in encrypted deduplication, from both attack and defense perspectives. Specifically, we target backup workloads and propose a new inference attack that exploits chunk locality to increase the coverage of inferred chunks. We further combine the new inference attack with the knowledge of chunk sizes and show its attack effectiveness against variable-size chunks. We conduct trace-driven evaluation on both real-world and synthetic datasets and show that our proposed attacks infer a significant fraction of plaintext chunks under backup workloads. To defend against frequency analysis, we present two defense approaches, namely MinHash encryption and scrambling. Our trace-driven evaluation shows that our combined MinHash encryption and scrambling scheme effectively mitigates the severity of the inference attacks, while maintaining high storage efficiency and incurring limited metadata access overhead.

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Cited By

BU SXIE YCAO ZWANG JZHENG JFENG D(2025)A secure cloud data deduplication method based on SGX under cloud-edge collaborationSCIENTIA SINICA Informationis10.1360/SSI-2024-0337Online publication date: 4-Mar-2025
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Zhao JYang ZLi JLee P(2024)Encrypted Data Reduction: Removing Redundancy from Encrypted Data in Outsourced StorageACM Transactions on Storage10.1145/368527820:4(1-30)Online publication date: 29-Jul-2024
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Index Terms

Information Leakage in Encrypted Deduplication via Frequency Analysis: Attacks and Defenses
1. Information systems
  1. Data management systems
    1. Information integration
      1. Deduplication
  2. Information storage systems
    1. Storage architectures
      1. Cloud based storage
2. Security and privacy
  1. Cryptography
    1. Cryptanalysis and other attacks

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Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Storage

ACM Transactions on Storage Volume 16, Issue 1

ATC 2019 Special Section and Regular Papers

February 2020

155 pages

ISSN:1553-3077

EISSN:1553-3093

DOI:10.1145/3386184

Editor:
Sam H. Noh
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Publication History

Published: 29 March 2020

Accepted: 01 October 2019

Revised: 01 August 2019

Received: 01 March 2019

Published in TOS Volume 16, Issue 1

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National Natural Science Foundation of China
Open Research Project of the State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Research Grants Council of Hong Kong
National Key R8D Program of China

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Cited By

BU SXIE YCAO ZWANG JZHENG JFENG D(2025)A secure cloud data deduplication method based on SGX under cloud-edge collaborationSCIENTIA SINICA Informationis10.1360/SSI-2024-0337Online publication date: 4-Mar-2025
https://doi.org/10.1360/SSI-2024-0337
Zhao JYang ZLi JLee P(2024)Encrypted Data Reduction: Removing Redundancy from Encrypted Data in Outsourced StorageACM Transactions on Storage10.1145/368527820:4(1-30)Online publication date: 29-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3685278
Song MHua ZZheng YHuang HJia X(2024)LSDedup: Layered Secure Deduplication for Cloud StorageIEEE Transactions on Computers10.1109/TC.2023.333195373:2(422-435)Online publication date: 1-Feb-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TC.2023.3331953
Chen YJia CHa GShan XChen H(2024)A Secure and Lightweight Client-Side Deduplication Approach for Resisting Side Channel AttacksICC 2024 - IEEE International Conference on Communications10.1109/ICC51166.2024.10622721(1400-1406)Online publication date: 9-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC51166.2024.10622721
Wu XLi JWang HLiu XWu WLi F(2024)A randomized encryption deduplication method against frequency attackJournal of Information Security and Applications10.1016/j.jisa.2024.10377483(103774)Online publication date: Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2024.103774
Cheng LQin JMeng F(2024)Privacy leakage of certificateless public key authenticated searchable encryption via frequency analysis: Attacks and revisesComputer Standards & Interfaces10.1016/j.csi.2023.10376287(103762)Online publication date: Jan-2024
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Dave JHegde PDesai HKanodia ASrivastava RSingh K(2024)RESIST: Randomized Encryption for Deduplicated Cloud Storage SystemArabian Journal for Science and Engineering10.1007/s13369-024-09658-3Online publication date: 25-Oct-2024
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Rani RKumar NKhurana M(2024)Redundancy elimination in IoT oriented big data: a survey, schemes, open challenges and future applicationsCluster Computing10.1007/s10586-023-04209-127:1(1063-1087)Online publication date: 1-Feb-2024
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Ahmad SArif MAhmad JNazim MMehfuz S(2024)Convergent encryption enabled secure data deduplication algorithm for cloud environmentConcurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience10.1002/cpe.820536:21Online publication date: 21-Jun-2024
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Ha GChen HJia CLi M(2023)Threat Model and Defense Scheme for Side-Channel Attacks in Client-Side DeduplicationTsinghua Science and Technology10.26599/TST.2021.901007128:1(1-12)Online publication date: Feb-2023
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